Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids: Process optimization and kinetic aspects

Golmohammadzadeh, Rabeeh; Rashchi, Fereshteh; Vahidi, Ehsan

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2017.03.037

Cited by 277 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

112

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Among them, citric acid is a highly potent leaching agent due to its triprotic nature, comprising three carboxylic acid groups (pK a1 = 3.08, pK a2 = 4.74, and pK a3 = 5.40), which can contribute to acidity and the formation of strong chelation complexes. This explains its higher efficacy compared to other compounds such as maleic acid (diprotic, pK a1 = 1.94, and pK a2 = 6.22) and acetic acid (monoprotic, pK a = 4.76) . A comparison of the chelation complexes that can be formed from these compounds is shown in Figure C .…”

Section: Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

show abstract

Section: Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 98%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several studies deal with the extraction of metals (mainly Li and Co) from disposed LIBs using different extractant agents such as inorganic acids (H 2 SO 4 , HCl, HNO 3 or H 3 PO 4 ) and (as an alternative with lower negative impact on the environment) organic acids (succinic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ascorbic acid, tartaric acid or acetic acid).…”

Section: A New Challenge For Edr: Lithium Ion Battery Recyclingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…114 Some of the most important companies in the recycling of rechargeable batteries (Umicore, Toxco, Inmeco and Recupyl) develop their own processes based on pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical and combined techniques. 15,109,115 Several studies deal with the extraction of metals (mainly Li and Co) from disposed LIBs using different extractant agents such as inorganic acids (H 2 SO 4 , 99,111,116 HCl, 117,118 HNO 3 117,119 or H 3 PO 4 120,121 ) and (as an alternative with lower negative impact on the environment) organic acids 117 (succinic acid, 122 123,128 ). The addition of reductants in acid leaching processes is widely accepted, since Co 3+ in LCO needs to be converted to Co 2+ .…”

Section: Chemical Composition Of Lib Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodialytic processes in solid matrices. New insights into battery recycling. A review

Villén-Guzmán

Arhoun

Vereda‐Alonso

et al. 2019

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Electrodialytic remediation has been widely applied to the recovery of different contaminants from numerous solid matrices, solving emerging issues of environmental concern. Results and conclusions reported in studies about real contaminated matrices are summarized in this work. The influence of pH value on the treatment effectiveness has been widely proved, highlighting the phenomenon of ‘water splitting’ in the membrane surface. This dissociation of water molecules is related to the ‘limiting current’ which it is desirable to exceed at the anion exchange membrane in order to produce the entering of protons toward the solid matrix. Other important parameters for the optimization of the technique, such as the current density and the liquid/solid ratio, are also discussed through the revision of studies using real solid matrices. This work also focuses on the pioneer proposal of electrokinetic technologies for the recycling of lithium ion batteries, considering the relevance of waste properties in the design and optimization of the technique. From a thorough literature revision, it could be concluded that further experimental results are needed to allow an optimal application of the technique to the rising problem of residues from batteries. The main aim of this work is to take the first steps in the recovery of valuable metals such as Li and Co from spent batteries, incorporating principles of green chemistry. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

show abstract

“…Various inorganic acids (HCl, HNO 3 and H 2 SO 4 ) and organic acids (citric acid, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid and 2-hydroxybutanedioic acid (DL-malic acid) have been employed to dissolve the active cathode materials [11]. In order to enhance the leaching efficiency of metals in spent lithium-ion batteries and to reduce acid consumption, the addition of reducing agents such as H 2 O 2 and NaHSO 3 is required in leaching processes [31][32][33][34][35][36]. Among the inorganic acids, HCl leaching offers a higher leaching efficiency of Co(II), Li(I) and Ni(II) than that of H 2 SO 4 and HNO 3 systems [33].…”

Section: Pretreatment and Leaching Of Primary And Secondary Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants

Nguyen

Lee

2018

Processes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The growing demand for lithium necessitates the development of an efficient process to recover it from three kinds of solutions, namely brines as well as acid and alkaline leach liquors of primary and secondary resources. Therefore, the separation of lithium(I) from these solutions by solvent extraction was reviewed in this paper. Lithium ions in brines are concentrated by removing other metal salts by crystallization with solar evaporation. In the case of ores and secondary resources, roasting followed by acid/alkaline leaching is generally employed to dissolve the lithium. Since the compositions of brines, alkaline and acid solutions are different, different commercial extractants are employed to separate and recover lithium. The selective extraction of Li(I) over other metals from brines or alkaline solutions is accomplished using acidic extractants, their mixture with neutral extractants, and neutral extractants mixed with chelating extractants in the presence of ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ). Among these systems, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP)-methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK)-FeCl 3 and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO)-benzoyltrifluoroacetone (HBTA) are considered to be promising for the selective extraction and recovery of Li(I) from brines and alkaline solutions. By contrast, in the acid leaching solutions of secondary resources, divalent and trivalent metal cations are selectively extracted by acidic extractants, leaving Li(I) in the raffinate. Therefore, bis-2,4,4-trimethyl pentyl phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) and its mixtures are suggested for the extraction of metal ions other than Li(I).

show abstract

Recovery of lithium and cobalt from spent lithium-ion batteries using organic acids: Process optimization and kinetic aspects

Cited by 277 publications

References 40 publications

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Electrodialytic processes in solid matrices. New insights into battery recycling. A review

A Review on the Separation of Lithium Ion from Leach Liquors of Primary and Secondary Resources by Solvent Extraction with Commercial Extractants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About