Reconstruction of Tsunami Inland Propagation on December 26, 2004 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, through Field Investigations

Lavigne, Franck; Paris, Raphaël; Grancher, Delphine; Wassmer, Patrick; Brunstein, Daniel; Vautier, Franck; Leone, Frédéric; Flohic, François; Coster, Benjamin De; Gunawan, Taufik; Gomez, Christopher; Setiawan, Anggri; Cahyadi, Rino; Fachrizal,

doi:10.1007/978-3-0346-0064-4_13

Cited by 24 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…4). This result is coherent with the several field surveys conducted in the area (Tsuji et al 2005; Jaffe et al 2006; Lavigne et al 2007), with the seismological and geodetic inversions (Ammon et al 2005; Vigny et al 2005; Chlieh et al 2007), but also with the recording of the highest amplitudes at the onset of the satellite records as this section of the subduction has the shortest propagation path to the satellite tracks. The latitudinal position of this maximum is also consistent with what other authors (Hirata et al 2006; Fujii & Satake 2007; Piatanesi & Lorito 2007) have obtained from tsunami data.…”

Section: Summary and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

On the use of satellite altimetry to infer the earthquake rupture characteristics: application to the 2004 Sumatra event

Sladen

Hébert

2008

Geophysical Journal International

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S U M M A R YStandard data and methods, such as the inversion of seismic and GPS data, have been used extensively to infer the details of the 2004 December 26 earthquake. The unprecedented large size of this event gave the opportunity to modern altimeters to provide the first clear records of a tsunami in deep ocean, therefore allowing us to study the rupture history from an independent perspective. We invert the Jason-1 and Topex-Poseidon altimetry records, considering the new constraints available on the geometry of the fault plane, and taking them into account in a 3-D rupture model. The data are corrected for the non-negligible effect of satellite motion during measurements. Our results show that the rupture propagated over the 1500 km of subduction zone initially identified by the aftershock distribution, with a magnitude of M w = 9.1. Our solution compares well with the latitudinal distribution of slip inferred from other data sets, with a maximum of energy release north of Sumatra, and two other slip patches near the Nicobar and Andaman islands. Based on waveform comparison, we assert that the shallow portion of the megathrust offshore Banda Aceh had slip amplitudes of more than 20 m. Also, we find that significant amounts of slip (about 10 m) concentrated below the Andaman islands and did not propagate on the shallow portion of the interface. Although synthetic tests tend to show less resolution in the northern part of the rupture, this solution is compatible with the near-field data (GPS, coral heads and imagery), and would allow one to explain the apparent paradox between the large local displacements and the moderate tsunami observed locally. Finally, we demonstrate the rapidly dominating effect of propagation and slip distribution over the rupture velocity, and how it precludes the direct estimate of this latter parameter.

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Section: Summary and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

On the use of satellite altimetry to infer the earthquake rupture characteristics: application to the 2004 Sumatra event

Sladen

Hébert

2008

Geophysical Journal International

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“…The Sumatra–Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004 ruptured 1600 km of the Sunda megathrust [ Meltzner et al , 2006], with slip that locally approached or exceeded 20 m [ Subarya et al , 2006; Chlieh et al , 2007] (Figure 1). The associated tsunami had runups of more than 30 m in Aceh [ Borrero et al , 2006; Lavigne et al , 2009] and devastated coastlines around the Indian Ocean. Both the earthquake and tsunami were unexpected because no precedents existed in the short historical record, but both could have been foreseen had the paleoseismic record been known.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coral evidence for earthquake recurrence and an A.D. 1390–1455 cluster at the south end of the 2004 Aceh–Andaman rupture

et al. 2010

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Coral records of relative sea level change provide a history of vertical interseismic and coseismic deformation along the coast of northern Simeulue Island, Sumatra, and reveal details about earthquakes in the 10th and 14th–15th centuries A.D. along the southern end of the December 2004 Mw 9.2 Sunda megathrust rupture. Over a 56 year period between A.D. 1390 and 1455, northern Simeulue experienced a cluster of megathrust ruptures, associated with total uplift that was considerably more than in 2004. Uplifted corals at two sites constrain the first event of the cluster to A.D. 1393 ± 3 and 1394 ± 2 (2σ). A smaller but well‐substantiated uplift occurred in northern Simeulue in 1430 ± 3. An inferred third uplift, in A.D. 1450 ± 3, killed all corals on the reef flats of northern Simeulue. The amount of uplift during this third event, though confirmed only to have exceeded 28 and 41 cm at two sites, probably surpassed the 100 and 44 cm that occurred, respectively, at those sites in 2004, and it was likely more than in 2004 over all of northern Simeulue. The evidence for past earthquake clustering combined with the inference of considerably greater uplift in A.D. 1390–1455 than in 2004 suggests that strain may still be stored along the southernmost part of the 2004 rupture. Interseismic subsidence rates recorded by northern Simeulue coral microatolls have varied by up to a factor of 4 at some sites from one earthquake cycle to another.

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“…Shiki and Yamazaki () pointed out that tsunamis generated very close to the hypocentre of an earthquake are generally marked by only a few pulses. In certain cases, the backwash of the second wave stopped the propagation of the following waves (Lavigne et al ., ).…”

Section: General Tsunami Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Recent occurrences (e.g. Papua New Guinea, 1998; Sumatra, 2004; Chile, 2010; Japan, 2011) have fuelled vigorous research (>500 peer‐reviewed articles in the period 2006 to 2012, see Shanmugam, ), much of which aimed at risk mitigation of coastal communities and infrastructure (Tsutsumi et al ., ; Eisner, ; Lavigne et al ., ; Teh et al ., ; Joseph, ; Thuy et al ., ) and the understanding of tsunami intensity and recurrence intervals (Minoura et al ., ; Papadopoulos & Fokaefs, ; Monecke et al ., ; Prendergast et al ., ; Sørensen et al ., ; Puga‐Bernabéu et al ., ). The offshore geological record is a potentially rich archive of tsunami impacts (Einsele et al ., ; Weiss & Bahlburg, ; Dawson & Stewart, ; Slootman et al ., ) over time scales much longer than those obtained from historical records (Scheffers & Kelletat, ; Papadopoulos & Fokaefs, ; Dominey‐Howes, ; Soloviev et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Geological record of marine tsunami backwash: The role of the hydraulic jump

Slootman

Simpson

Castelltort

et al. 2018

The Depositional Record

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Tsunamis are marked by distinct phases of uprush during coastal inundation and backwash when tsunami water recedes. Especially in the case of a steep coastal profile, the return flow may operate in a Froude-supercritical regime, eroding the flooded area and transporting large volumes of sediment seawards. Important sediment accumulation occurs when the supercritical flow goes through a hydraulic jump where it becomes subcritical upon deceleration. An inferred example in coarse-grained, mixed carbonates from the Lower Pleistocene on Rhodes (Greece) is described, with offshore bars up to 10 m long with scour-and-fill structures and steep antidune stratification. In finer-grained sandy depositional systems such structures may be much longer, up to hundreds of metres. It is suggested here that, analogous to some turbidite beds, the apparent lack of structures or the presence of faint stratification that is common for graded sand layers within marine tsunamiites may in fact consist of extremely low-angle, landward-dipping backset-strata that formed under a landward-migrating hydraulic jump during the basinward retreat of tsunami water. Numerical simulations that focus on the internal stratification of backwash-generated offshore bars support this hypothesis. The recognition of such deposits in the sedimentary record enlarges the toolbox for assessing the past frequency of tsunamis in coastal areas.

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Reconstruction of Tsunami Inland Propagation on December 26, 2004 in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, through Field Investigations

Cited by 24 publications

References 35 publications

On the use of satellite altimetry to infer the earthquake rupture characteristics: application to the 2004 Sumatra event

On the use of satellite altimetry to infer the earthquake rupture characteristics: application to the 2004 Sumatra event

Coral evidence for earthquake recurrence and an A.D. 1390–1455 cluster at the south end of the 2004 Aceh–Andaman rupture

Geological record of marine tsunami backwash: The role of the hydraulic jump

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