Reclaiming graphite from spent lithium ion batteries ecologically and economically

Wang, Huirong; Huang, Yingshan; Huang, Chenfan; Wang, Xianshu; Wang, Kang; Chen, Hongbo; Liu, Shaobei; Wu, Yuping; Xu, Kang; Li, Weishan

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.050

Cited by 141 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 47 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…It meets JCPDS No.41-1487 criteria and demonstrates the presence of graphite. [64] The XRD patterns of modified 3D-GF samples are similar to that of pure 3D-GF. The diffraction peak of graphite carbon is at 25 and 43 , respectively, www.advancedsciencenews.com www.entechnol.de corresponding to the (002) and (100) crystal planes of graphite structure.…”

Section: D-gf Morphology and Structure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In addition, due to the higher reduction degree of graphene caused by AA, a large number of graphene sheets stacked on each other can be observed in some parts of the sample. [66] [64,65] Compared with the unmodified 3D-GF-LiOH•H 2 O composites in Figure 4a, the diffraction intensities of graphite carbon in the modified composites are enhanced, which indicates that the modification by PA and AA are beneficial to the formation of 3D carbon skeleton structure on graphene. Comparing Figure 4b,c, it is found that the diffraction intensity at 15 (LiOH•H 2 O) and 25 (graphite carbon) are greater in Figure 4c.…”

Section: D-gf Morphology and Structure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure4b,c shows XRD patterns of 3D-GF and 3D-GF-LiOH•H 2 O composites modified by PA and AA, respectively. Diffraction peaks at around15 , 20 , 30 , 32.19 , 34.84 , 38.83 , 50 , 56 , and 60 are attributed to LiOH•H 2 O, and diffraction peaks at 25 and 43 belong to graphite carbon in 3D-GF [64,65]. Compared with the unmodified 3D-GF-LiOH•H 2 O composites in Figure4a, the diffraction intensities of graphite carbon in the modified composites are enhanced, which indicates that the modification by PA and AA are beneficial to the formation of 3D carbon skeleton structure on graphene.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

Zeng

et al. 2021

Energy Tech

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

3D Graphene (3D‐GF) modified with different additive concentrations (phytic acid [PA] and ascorbic acid [AA]) is developed and then combined with different LiOH contents by the hydrothermal method to obtain composite materials. It can be found that the addition of PA and AA will not destroy the carbon skeleton structure of 3D‐GF. With increasing additive content, the thermal conductivities of modified 3D‐GF first increase and reach their maximum values at 8 mg mL−1. The modified 3D‐GF with the highest thermal conductivity is selected to be combined with different LiOH contents. The addition of PA and AA can broaden the charging temperature range from 60–110 to 30–200 °C and improve the LiOH hydration rate and heat storage density. Compared with the PA‐modified composite, the AA‐modified composite shows smaller (about 7.6 nm) and more uniform LiOH·H2O particles (the particles size standard deviation of 3D‐GF‐AA‐LiOH·H2O is 1.1503), a larger specific surface area (119 m2 g−1), higher heat storage density (the highest value of 2763 kJ kg−1 for LiOH⋅H2O, which can be about 4.2 times of pure LiOH), and less influenced by the change of LiOH content (the thermal conductivity standard deviation of 3D‐GF‐AA‐LiOH·H2O is 0.123).

show abstract

Section: D-gf Morphology and Structure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: D-gf Morphology and Structure Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

Zeng

et al. 2021

Energy Tech

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Rothermel et al [ 37 ] have investigated the suitability of spent LIBs graphite as an anode for the LIBs before and after electrolyte extraction. Also, the hydrometallurgical method without separation steps has been reported by Wang and his co‐workers [ 38 ] elucidate the recovered graphite could be reached a comparable capacity of 377 mAh g –1 at 0.1 C. Wang et al [ 39 ] reclaimed the graphite with simple water treatment regains 345 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles where residual Li present in the graphite layers react with water separated the SEI layer by producing H 2 gas. Recently, Subramanyan et al [ 40 ] reported the possibility of using the mechanically separated graphitic anode toward the fabrication of ≈1.4 V class Li‐ion cells with LiCrTiO 4 cathode by utilizing the Ti 4+/3+ couple.…”

Section: Research Progress Of the Graphite Reuse In Lab‐scale: Energymentioning

confidence: 98%

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Natarajan

Aravindan

2020

Advanced Energy Materials

201

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

diffuse between their layers, though only at prismatic surfaces as well as it is also possible via defect sites for the basal planes. The term "intercalation in graphite" refers to the incorporation of atomic or molecular layers of a guest species between the ordered graphite layers, and this process would be reversible and "topotactic" that endorses the different interlayer distance without changing the carbon atomic arrangement within the layer. The mechanism involved in the intercalation process is generally identified as "staging" where the lithium prefers to reside in the distant graphene layers first rather than picking the neighbor graphene layers as shown in Figure 1; however, Li-ions pick the gap of neighboring graphene layers to form a Li-C 6-Li-C 6 chain along the c-direction if the graphite is intercalated fully with a spacing of 0.430 nm. [3,4,6-8] As well, it is also proven that both hexagonal and rhombohedral graphitic phases could able to intercalate the lithium reversibly almost in the same storage capacities. Commercial graphite possesses a larger number of rhombohedral units, and that kind of graphene planes as a host will be more favorable to intercalate lithium. Many efforts have been made to clarify the intercalation mechanism of lithium into the graphite from various perspectives. The occurrence of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation is necessary for safe operation (since LiC 6 is known to be the strong reducing agent) of the cell regardless of any electrode/electrolyte contact and plays a decisive role in the capacity of the material. [9] It is well-known that the excess charge consumption for the graphite-based electrodes during the first cycle surpasses the theoretical capacity of 372 mAh g-1 as a result of this passive layer formation, i.e., SEI, also attributed to the corrosion-like reactions of Li x C 6. The intercalated compounds are unstable similar to metallic lithium in the electrolytes which surface is protected by this formation of SEI layer that pays the excess charge consumption in the first cycle of the intercalation/deintercalation process. Generally, non-graphitic carbons which have not c-direction in the crystallographic order can be categorized as high (x > 1 in Li x C 6) and low (x = 0.5-0.8 in Li x C 6) specific charge carbons based on their reversible lithium storage properties. From the category of low-specific charge carbons, coke and turbostratic kind of carbons gain much attention for the Li-intercalation owing to their structural properties, which could overwhelm the development of Li x (solv) y C 6. Also, the coke-containing electrode unveiled the reversible Li-intercalation at ≈1.2 V versus Li during the first cycle, distinguishes from the insertion potential of graphite because of the disordered structure. High specific Spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are a key source for securing tons of raw materials that are valuable materials for LIB applications. However, the massive emerging volume of spent LIBs urgently needs a new management strategy to recy...

show abstract

“…Therefore, it is urgent and viable to recycle the graphite anode. [10,11] In a related study, Zhang et al successfully recycled the anode material by high-temperature calcination and phenolic resin coating. [12] Meanwhile, carbon materials are generally used as a carrier for various catalysts owing to their low cost, outstanding structural ductility, excellent electrical conductivity, and highresistance to acid/alkali media.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Graphite Anode from Spent Lithium‐ion Batteries for Preparing Fe‐N‐doped Carbon ORR Catalyst

Ruan

Zou²,

et al. 2021

ChemCatChem

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this work, we recycled anode graphite of spent lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) to prepare an ORR electrocatalyst applied in fuel cells. The discarded graphite was used as a carbon carrier and doped with N and Fe via simple pyrolysis with polyaniline and iron salt. Importantly, in comparison with the commercial Pt/C catalyst, the obtained catalyst exhibits better catalytic activity, methanol resistance and durability. Currently, fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries are served as two major energy sources in vehicles. This work provides a novel guideline for recycling the graphite anode of LiBs and paves a way forward for the application of a superior and low-cost electrocatalyst in fuels.[a

show abstract

Reclaiming graphite from spent lithium ion batteries ecologically and economically

Cited by 141 publications

References 47 publications

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Recycling of Graphite Anode from Spent Lithium‐ion Batteries for Preparing Fe‐N‐doped Carbon ORR Catalyst

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Reclaiming graphite from spent lithium ion batteries ecologically and economically

Cited by 141 publications

References 47 publications

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H2O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H2O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

An Urgent Call to Spent LIB Recycling: Whys and Wherefores for Graphite Recovery

Recycling of Graphite Anode from Spent Lithium‐ion Batteries for Preparing Fe‐N‐doped Carbon ORR Catalyst

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages

Comparative Analysis of 3D Graphene–LiOH·H₂O Composites by Modification with Phytic Acid and Ascorbic Acid for Low‐Grade Thermal Energy Storages