Reciprocal interactions between anthropogenic stressors and insect microbiota

Abstract

Insects play many important roles in nature due to their diversity, ecological role, and impact on agriculture or human health. They are directly influenced by environmental changes and in particular anthropic activities that constitute an important driver of change in the environmental characteristics. Insects face numerous anthropogenic stressors and have evolved various detoxication mechanisms to survive and/or resist to these compounds. Recent studies highligted the pressure exerted by xenobiotics on insect life-cycle and the important role of insect-associated bacterial microbiota in the insect responses to environmental changes. Stressor exposure can have various impacts on the composition and structure of insect microbiota that in turn may influence insect biology. Moreover, bacterial communities associated with insects can be directly or indirectly involved in detoxification processes with the selection of certain microorganisms capable of degrading xenobiotics. Further studies are needed to assess the role of insect-associated microbiota as key contributor to the xenobiotic metabolism and thus as a driver for insect adaptation to polluted habitats.

Immune Reactions of Vector Insects to Parasites and Pathogens

“…There are numerous determinants of successful infection or parasitisation ( Figure 1 ). These include resistance to environmental stressors such as changes in the ambient temperature and exposure to xenobiotics, as well as previous invasions by parasites/pathogens [ 59 ]. The extent of networking occurring with other species in complex ecological communities will also affect host finding, biting and disease transmission [ 36 ].…”