Receptor Apparatus of the Vestibulovasomotor Reaction

Abstract

While the receptor apparatus of the labyrinth reflexes on the skeletal and the ocular muscles has been studied in much detail, there is a lack of such information regarding the labyrinthine reflexes on the vegetative nervous system. Since the latter reflexes form an essential part of the various types of sickness caused by motion, it seemed desirable to study this problem. As a first step, the vasomotor reaction induced by labyrinthine stimulation was chosen, the central and the effector mechanism of this reaction having been analyzed previously (Spiegel and D\l=e'\m\l=e'\triades 1).The starting point of these experiments was a peculiar observation that at first glance seemed in agreement with the theory proposed by Quix 2 that seasickness is caused by stimulation of the otolithic apparatus. In cats in which for other reasons bilateral puncture of the roundwindows had been performed (Spiegel and Scala3) rotation failed to produce a postrotatory nystagmus. However, such stimulation was still able to elicit a fall of blood pressure ( fig. 1). Considering that rotation may act not only on the cristae ampullares but also on the utricles (Maxwell4; Mc-Nally and Tait5), particularly when rapid acceleration occurs, the possibility presented it¬ self that the vasomotor reaction accompanying labyrinthine stimulation may originate in the otolithic apparatus. EXPERIMENTSThe effect of labyrinthine stimulation on the blood pressure was studied in guinea pigs after the animals had been centrifuged in order to throw the otoliths off the maculas (Wittmaack 6) and to abolish, for some time at least, the tonic labyrinthine reflexes (Magnus and deKleijn7).. Since the tonic labyrinthine reflexes may reappear after the otolithic membranes have been thrown off the maculas (deKleijn and Versteegh8; Hasegawa9), the vasomotor reaction to laby-

Autonomic response to real versus illusory motion (vection)

“…For vestibular-canal input (calorics or rotation), some studies have shown a decrease in BP [11,12], whereas others have shown the opposite pressor effect [13]. Otolithic [14] stimulation in humans appears to raise BP (note the profile of the BP response to linear acceleration is identical to our type 1 response to rapid tilt).…”

Autonomic response to real versus illusory motion (vection)

“…For vestibular-canal input (calorics or rotation), some studies have shown a decrease in BP [11,12], whereas others have shown the opposite pressor effect [13]. Otolithic [14] stimulation in humans appears to raise BP (note the profile of the BP response to linear acceleration is identical to our type 1 response to rapid tilt).…”

Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Depression, Anxiety, Stress in Gastric Ulcer Patients

“…[25,26] Further, it was reported that blood was lowered followed by caloric and rotational vestibular stimulation, and this effect was abolished on the vestibular lesion. [27,28] The relation between mental stress and gastric acid secretion is not clear. It was reported that there is a great individual variability in gastric acid response to acute mental stress.…”

Sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) induces a vasovagal response in the rat

“…However, linear oscillation about any axis in the horizontal plane produces similar 7–9 mmHg oscillations of BP (Yates et al 1999; Zhu et al 2007). Many studies indicate that BP and HR responses to sinusoidal oscillation in pitch are of otolith origin (Lindsay et al 1945; Spiegel 1946; Megirian and Manning 1967; Tang and Gernandt 1969; Uchino et al 1970; Doba and Reis 1974; Ishikawa et al 1979; Ishikawa and Miyazawa 1980; Yates et al 1993b; Kerman and Yates 1998; Jian et al 1999; Kerman et al 2000). Sympathetic nerve activity is modulated by otolith and not canal-related inputs (Yates and Miller 1994).…”

“…Furthermore, changes in BP induced by nose-up tilt are held for as long as this position is maintained (Woodring et al 1997), indicating that activity for these responses was otolith related, not canal related. Body tilt receptors also participate (Lindsay et al 1945) in sensing tilt in the vestibular nuclei (Yates et al 2000; Woodring et al 1997). …”

Autonomic response to real versus illusory motion (vection)

“…For vestibular-canal input (calorics or rotation), some studies have shown a decrease in BP [11,12], whereas others have shown the opposite pressor effect [13]. Otolithic [14] stimulation in humans appears to raise BP (note the profile of the BP response to linear acceleration is identical to our type 1 response to rapid tilt).…”

Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Depression, Anxiety, Stress in Gastric Ulcer Patients

“…[25,26] Further, it was reported that blood was lowered followed by caloric and rotational vestibular stimulation, and this effect was abolished on the vestibular lesion. [27,28] The relation between mental stress and gastric acid secretion is not clear. It was reported that there is a great individual variability in gastric acid response to acute mental stress.…”

Sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) induces a vasovagal response in the rat

“…However, linear oscillation about any axis in the horizontal plane produces similar 7–9 mmHg oscillations of BP (Yates et al 1999; Zhu et al 2007). Many studies indicate that BP and HR responses to sinusoidal oscillation in pitch are of otolith origin (Lindsay et al 1945; Spiegel 1946; Megirian and Manning 1967; Tang and Gernandt 1969; Uchino et al 1970; Doba and Reis 1974; Ishikawa et al 1979; Ishikawa and Miyazawa 1980; Yates et al 1993b; Kerman and Yates 1998; Jian et al 1999; Kerman et al 2000). Sympathetic nerve activity is modulated by otolith and not canal-related inputs (Yates and Miller 1994).…”

“…Furthermore, changes in BP induced by nose-up tilt are held for as long as this position is maintained (Woodring et al 1997), indicating that activity for these responses was otolith related, not canal related. Body tilt receptors also participate (Lindsay et al 1945) in sensing tilt in the vestibular nuclei (Yates et al 2000; Woodring et al 1997). …”

Autonomic response to real versus illusory motion (vection)

“…For vestibular-canal input (calorics or rotation), some studies have shown a decrease in BP [11,12], whereas others have shown the opposite pressor effect [13]. Otolithic [14] stimulation in humans appears to raise BP (note the profile of the BP response to linear acceleration is identical to our type 1 response to rapid tilt).…”

Effect of Vestibular Stimulation on Depression, Anxiety, Stress in Gastric Ulcer Patients

“…[25,26] Further, it was reported that blood was lowered followed by caloric and rotational vestibular stimulation, and this effect was abolished on the vestibular lesion. [27,28] The relation between mental stress and gastric acid secretion is not clear. It was reported that there is a great individual variability in gastric acid response to acute mental stress.…”

Sinusoidal galvanic vestibular stimulation (sGVS) induces a vasovagal response in the rat

“…However, linear oscillation about any axis in the horizontal plane produces similar 7–9 mmHg oscillations of BP (Yates et al 1999; Zhu et al 2007). Many studies indicate that BP and HR responses to sinusoidal oscillation in pitch are of otolith origin (Lindsay et al 1945; Spiegel 1946; Megirian and Manning 1967; Tang and Gernandt 1969; Uchino et al 1970; Doba and Reis 1974; Ishikawa et al 1979; Ishikawa and Miyazawa 1980; Yates et al 1993b; Kerman and Yates 1998; Jian et al 1999; Kerman et al 2000). Sympathetic nerve activity is modulated by otolith and not canal-related inputs (Yates and Miller 1994).…”

“…Furthermore, changes in BP induced by nose-up tilt are held for as long as this position is maintained (Woodring et al 1997), indicating that activity for these responses was otolith related, not canal related. Body tilt receptors also participate (Lindsay et al 1945) in sensing tilt in the vestibular nuclei (Yates et al 2000; Woodring et al 1997). …”