Recent Progress of Microfluidic Devices for Hemodialysis

Abstract

Microfluidic hemodialysis techniques have recently attracted great attention in the treatment of kidney disease due to their advantages of portability and wearability as well as their great potential for replacing clinical hospital‐centered blood purification with continuous in‐home hemodialysis. This Review summarizes the recent progress in microfluidic devices for hemodialysis. First, the history of kidney‐inspired hemodialysis is introduced. Then, recent achievements in the preparation of microfluidic devices and hemodialysis nanoporous membrane materials are presented and categorized. Subsequently, attention is drawn to the recent progress of nanoporous membrane‐based microfluidic devices for hemodialysis. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of hemodialysis microfluidic devices in the future are also discussed. This Review is expected to provide a comprehensive guide for the design of hemodialysis microfluidic devices that are closely related to clinical applications.

Hierarchically Molecular Imprinted Porous Particles for Biomimetic Kidney Cleaning

“…Removal of these biomolecules from blood is vital for human health. [1][2][3] For this purpose, a series of in vitro blood purification techniques have been developed, including physical adsorption, [4][5][6][7] hemodialysis, [8,9] hemofiltration, [10] plasma exchange, [11] etc. These methods show certain removal capacities while also have limitations, in terms of non-specific adsorption and poor biocompatibility of the dialysis/filtration materials used.…”

A Ninhydrin‐Type Urea Sorbent for the Development of a Wearable Artificial Kidney

“…The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (4:1 EtOAc:hexane gradient to 1:1 EtOAc:hexane), and 2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(trimethylsilyl) ethynyl]inden-1-one was isolated as a solid (40.5 g, 84%). 1 Synthesis of 5-ethynylindane-1-one. [27] A mixture of 2,3-dihydro-5-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl] inden-1-one (40.0 g, 175 mmol, 1.0 eq.)…”

“…After filtration the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, and the crude product was purified by chromatography on silica gel (4:1 EtOAc/hexane) and 5-ethynylindane-1-one was isolated as a brown solid (25.0 g, 89%). 1…”

“…Waste compounds such as urea, creatinine, potassium, phosphate, and excess water accumulates in the body of patients suffering from end‐stage kidney disease. These patients undergo dialysis sessions in the hospital or dialysis centers during which these waste solutes diffuse over a nanoporous membrane, effectively removing these waste solutes from their body 1. To improve the quality of life of dialysis patients, wearable artificial kidney devices are being developed which use a small volume of dialysate (preferably <0.5 L) that is continuously regenerated by a purification unit and re‐used in a closed loop system 2–4.…”

“…These patients undergo dialysis sessions in the hospital or dialysis centers during which these waste solutes diffuse over a nanoporous membrane, effectively removing these waste solutes from their body. [1] literature; however, the main drawbacks are that the kinetics of urea adsorption are generally very slow and that these sorbents need multi step synthesis, which routes are difficult and expensive to scale up. [13][14]19,21] Our aim is to develop urea sorbents with fast urea removal kinetics which are relatively easy to synthesize.…”