Recent progress in nitrogen-doped carbon and its composites as electrocatalysts for fuel cell applications

Tuning CNT Properties for Metal-Free Environmental Catalytic Applications

“…Compared to traditional catalysts (noble metals or metal oxides), the N-species are well anchored into the catalyst structure and, as a result, the drawbacks related to loss of active phase are improbable to occur even under severe reaction conditions [45]; in addition, the stability and electron transfer rate are improved, leading to a higher durability of the catalysts during the catalytic processes [11,87]. transfer rate are improved, leading to a higher durability of the catalysts during the catalytic processes [11,87]. Besides all the research studies already published regarding the kind of functionalities on CNTs that allow high activity and stability of metal-free CNTs on CWAO and COZ, the reaction pathways involved in those reactions are still in doubt.…”

Chemical and Electrochemical Stability of Nitrogen and Sulphur Doped Mesoporous Carbons

“…MCs like most carbons are hydrophobic and inert in nature, however, their surface modification with heteroatoms such as nitrogen and sulfur can promote properties such as wettability, chemical interaction and electrochemical activity [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. MCs doped with nitrogen or sulfur heteroatoms have shown to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) [17][18][19][20] so that, they are promoted as metal-free and cost-effective electrocatalysts.…”

Highly Active Non-PGM Catalysts Prepared from Metal Organic Frameworks

“…Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are the future powertrain for automotive applications due to their high power density, relatively quick start-up, high efficiency, and emission of only water from the vehicle [1][2][3][4][5]. However, the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics are significantly slower than the anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction [6] therefore requiring more catalyst.…”

“…However, the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics are significantly slower than the anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction [6] therefore requiring more catalyst. To date, the preferred electrocatalysts are platinum or platinum group metals (PGMs), which contribute a significant fraction to the overall fuel cell stack cost [5]. In order for widespread commercialization to take place, technological advancements in cathode catalysts are required, including decreased cost while increasing performance and durability.…”