Recent developments in the synovial fibroblast pathobiology field in rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract

Purpose of review Synovial fibroblasts are the central cells of connective tissue homeostasis. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) tissue, synovial fibroblasts are activated because of the proinflammatory environment very early in the disease. Epigenetic alterations in RASF result in a permanently activated stage, and activated RASF are involved in many processes of RA pathophysiology. Therefore, several recent findings of the last 18 months with focus on RASF activation and function are summarized. Recent findings RASF activation because of a profoundly altered epigenome leads to an invasive phenotype with increased migration, adhesion and invasion into cartilage, which was further characterized in several studies. RASF subtypes and subtype dynamics were evaluated using high-resolution techniques to better understand RASF pathophysiology. Many studies addressing interactions with immune or stromal cell types have been published showing that RASF interact with many different cell types contributing not only to their own activation and pro-inflammatory response but also to the activation of the other cells. Summary Highly interesting findings revealing mechanisms of RASF activation and altered functions have been published, RASF subsets further characterized, and interactions with cell types elucidated, which all contribute to a better understanding of the role of RASF in RA development and progression.

Endogenous Melanin and Hydrogen‐Based Specific Activated Theranostics Nanoagents: A Novel Multi‐Treatment Paradigm for Rheumatoid Arthritis

“…The RASFs are considered to generate oxidative stress and release a broad range of inflammatory cytokines in pathological research, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). [ 9 , 10 , 11 ] Fortunately, photothermal therapy (PTT), an innovative non‐invasive therapeutic intervention with high specificity and exceptional therapeutic efficiency, is utilized to induce effective cell lysis at a relatively high temperature (>42 °C). [ 12 , 13 ] The PTT agents exhibit the capacity to convert light into heat energy via nonradiative decay.…”