Recent Developments in Natural Gas Flaring Reduction and Reformation to Energy-Efficient Fuels: A Review

Mansoor, Rehan; Tahir, Muhammad Nawaz

doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.0c04269

Cited by 81 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 271 publications

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“…Reduction without C–H bond formation produces carbon monoxide, which could be then mixed with hydrogen on site to form syngas, a valuable precursor for numerous bulk chemicals 31 which is generally obtained otherwise by coal gasification or methane steam reforming. 32 Additionally, there is a competitive process of hydrogen evolution typically accompanying CO 2 reduction at lower pH values, interfering with the main reaction and decreasing the catalyst efficiency. 33 , 34 Finally, the structure and morphology of a catalyst itself are other determining factors for selectivity, as CO 2 and water need to be adsorbed first on its surface prior to be photoactivated, and distribution of local charges and vacancies is crucial in this matter.…”

Section: Operating and Developing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Development of Photocatalytic Processes for Synthesis of Fuels and Organic Compounds under Outdoor Solar Light

et al. 2022

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With photovoltaics becoming a mature, commercially feasible technology, society is willing to allocate resources for developing and deploying new technologies based on using solar light. Analysis of projects supported by the European Commission in the past decade indicates exponential growth of funding to photocatalytic (PC) and photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) technologies that aim either at technology readiness levels (TRLs) TRL 1–3 or TRL > 3, with more than 75 Mio€ allocated from the year 2019 onward. This review provides a summary of PC and PEC processes for the synthesis of bulk commodities such as solvents and fuels, as well as chemicals for niche applications. An overview of photoreactors for photocatalysis on a larger scale is provided. The review rounds off with the summary of reactions performed at lab scale under natural outdoor solar light to illustrate conceptual opportunities offered by solar-driven chemistry beyond the reduction of CO 2 and water splitting. The authors offer their vision of the impact of this area of research on society and the economy.

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Section: Operating and Developing Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress in Development of Photocatalytic Processes for Synthesis of Fuels and Organic Compounds under Outdoor Solar Light

et al. 2022

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“…The feasibility of the side reactions can be predicted using Gibbs free energy and equilibrium rate constants from varying temperatures. Gibbs free energy at different temperatures can be calculated using Equation (1).…”

Section: Feasibility Of Side Reactions In Phenol-ethanol Steam Reformingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…are the most common nonrenewable fossil fuel resources and the global energy demand is mainly being supplied by these finite resources. 1 Along with fast depletion, another major issue regarding fossil fuel consumption is global warming which is substantially caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuel. The greenhouse gas emissions are directly related to climate change, 2 global warming and air pollution, 3 which is a major worldwide concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural gas, petroleum, coal, etc. are the most common non‐renewable fossil fuel resources and the global energy demand is mainly being supplied by these finite resources 1 . Along with fast depletion, another major issue regarding fossil fuel consumption is global warming which is substantially caused by greenhouse gas emissions from the burning of fossil fuel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating influential effect of methanol‐phenol‐steam mixture on hydrogen production through thermodynamic analysis with experimental evaluation

Tahir

Fan

Hasan

2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Thermodynamic analysis for methanol-phenol mixture steam reforming (M-PSR) for H 2 production together with experimental evaluation has been carried out in this study. Firstly, a number of possible reactions were evaluated using Gibbs free energy and equilibrium rate constants to determine its feasibility and nature over the temperature of 100 to 1200 C. Then, the Gibbs free energy minimization method was used to carry out the thermodynamic analysis of the M-PSR system. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis was used to study the effect of different parameters on product distribution. Temperature is an important parameter that significantly affects product distribution. Within the range of 100 to 400 C, a high CH 4 production was obtained due to phenol decomposition and methanol methanation reaction. With further increase in temperature in the range of 300 to 600 C the CH 4 production was dropped drastically, where in the reforming reactions, reverse methanation reactions gradually produce CO 2 gas. However, as the temperature rises beyond 600 C, the predominant reactions for the M-PSR reaction for H 2 production include the phenol steam reforming and methanol steam reforming reactions, where there is an obvious increase in H 2 evolution. The feed ratio also affects H 2 production, where a high steam feed is beneficial for the reforming reaction, and at the same time, it suppresses the formation of carbon species. Low pressure is also favourable for the M-PSR H 2 production, which is in accordance with Le-Chatelier's principle. The optimum operating parameters were determined to be; the temperature of 700 C, atmospheric pressure and methanol-phenolsteam feed molar ratio of 0.1:0.9:20, where H 2 production is maximized with minimal side products (CO, CO 2 , CH 4 ) and coke formation. The comparative analysis of thermodynamics with phenol steam reforming and methanol steam reforming experimental studies complement current thermodynamic results. This research elucidates that thermodynamics analysis using the Gibbs free energy minimization method is immensely helpful in providing insight into the complexity of methanol-phenol steam reforming reaction.

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“…Organic solar cells (OSCs) have gained remarkable attention during the last two decades in solar energy applications − due to their low cost, light weight, and flexibility. , Presently, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18% for organic solar cells based on non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) has been achieved. − The NFAs with acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) configuration have been gaining attention because of their associated advantages of fine-tuning energy levels, long-range absorption, charge mobilities, and cheap synthesis. , Before considering other factors, it is instinctive to have as broad and efficient light absorption as possible for active materials, which results in the increase of short-circuit current. In recent years, marvelous efforts have been made to broaden the spectra of active materials so as to obtain OSCs with wonderful performance. − NFAs containing A–D–A backbone structures seem to be the most promising candidates in this regard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel W-Shaped Oxygen Heterocycle-Fused Fluorene-Based Non-Fullerene Acceptors: First Theoretical Framework for Designing Environment-Friendly Organic Solar Cells

et al. 2021

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The increasing demand of energy has expedited the research on developing low-cost and environment-friendly organic solar cells (EFOSCs). The commercial application of non-fullerene-fused ring electron acceptors (FREAs) having the 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC) end group is limited due to the presence of two highly toxic −CN groups. This research projects the first theoretical design and exploration of environmentfriendly groups transforming promising end-capped electron acceptor molecules for high-performance environment-friendly organic solar cells. For the first time, we developed FCO-based (acceptor−donor−acceptor (A− D−A)) type, novel W-shaped environment-friendly electron acceptor molecules (W1−W6) by modifying the toxic −CN group of FCO (reference synthesized molecule R) with three nontoxic electron-withdrawing (−CF 3 , −SO 3 H, −NO 2 ) groups. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis, density of state (DOS) graphs, electron and hole reorganization energy (λ e , λ h ), open-circuit voltage (V oc ), transition energy, transition density matrix (TDM) analysis, and exciton-binding energy values of W1−W6 are computed and compared with those of the recently synthesized highly efficient FCO molecule. Results suggest that the photovoltaic, photophysical, and electronic properties of designed molecules W1−W6 are better than those of R. All developed molecules, especially W6, proved to be the preferable optoelectronic material for EFOSCs owing to their low-energy band gap (2.136 eV), highest λ max values of 709.25 and 792.08 nm in gas and chloroform, respectively, with lowest transition energy (1.75 eV), lowest electron mobility (λ e = 0.007657 E h ) and hole mobility (λ h = 0.006385 E h ), lowest binding energy (E b = 0.072 eV), and 1.743 V value for open-circuit voltage (V oc ) as compared to reference R as well as other developed molecules. Charge transfer analysis among the W6:PM6 blend proved the superposition of orbitals and successful transfer of charge from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) (PM6) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) (W6). Thus, the developed molecules (W1−W6) depicting outstanding optoelectronic properties are recommended as the best nontoxic alternative materials for developing efficient and environmentfriendly organic solar cells.

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Recent Developments in Natural Gas Flaring Reduction and Reformation to Energy-Efficient Fuels: A Review

Cited by 81 publications

References 271 publications

Progress in Development of Photocatalytic Processes for Synthesis of Fuels and Organic Compounds under Outdoor Solar Light

Progress in Development of Photocatalytic Processes for Synthesis of Fuels and Organic Compounds under Outdoor Solar Light

Investigating influential effect of methanol‐phenol‐steam mixture on hydrogen production through thermodynamic analysis with experimental evaluation

Novel W-Shaped Oxygen Heterocycle-Fused Fluorene-Based Non-Fullerene Acceptors: First Theoretical Framework for Designing Environment-Friendly Organic Solar Cells

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