Recent Advances of Cellulase Immobilization onto Magnetic Nanoparticles: An Update Review

Abstract

Cellulosic enzymes, including cellulase, play an important role in biotechnological processes in the fields of food, cosmetics, detergents, pulp, paper, and related industries. Low thermal and storage stability of cellulase, presence of impurities, enzyme leakage, and reusability pose great challenges in all these processes. These challenges can be overcome via enzyme immobilization methods. In recent years, cellulase immobilization onto nanomaterials became the focus of research attention owing to the surface features of these materials. However, the application of these nanomaterials is limited due to the efficacy of their recovery process. The application of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) was suggested as a solution to this problem since they can be easily removed from the reaction mixture by applying an external magnet. Recently, MNPs were extensively employed for enzyme immobilization owing to their low toxicity and various practical advantages. In the present review, recent advances in cellulase immobilization onto functionalized MNPs is summarized. Finally, we discuss enhanced enzyme reusability, activity, and stability, as well as improved enzyme recovery. Enzyme immobilization techniques offer promising potential for industrial applications.

Engineering Robust Cellulases for Tailored Lignocellulosic Degradation Cocktails

“…An option to improve the operational costs is the utilization of cellulases in immobilized matrices; this improves the recycling and separation of the biocatalyst, which can improve the economic feasibility of the process. Detailed strategies of cellulase immobilization are described elsewhere [60,61]. Another option is to improve the robustness of the cellulases utilized in the cellulolytic cocktail; therefore, the increase in the enzymes' thermostability and compatibility are of great importance [62,63].…”

Fermentative Conversion of Two-Step Pre-Treated Lignocellulosic Biomass to Hydrogen

“…In the light of presented disadvantage of recently developed method we are planning to use the magnetic core immobilization to improve the enzyme recovery after saccharification. This approach is known, however not widely applied for cellulolytic enzymes [70].…”

New frontiers in enzyme immobilisation: robust biocatalysts for a circular bio-based economy

“…Facile separation and recovery of small, highly active particles of immobilised enzymes is enabled by incorporating nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) or maghemite (g-Fe 2 O 3 ) to create enzyme-ferromagnetic particle hybrids. 31 These can be easily separated magnetically on an industrial scale using standard commercial equipment, enabling a novel combination of biocatalysis and downstream processing. Furthermore, magnetic recovery enables facile separation of the solid biocatalyst from other suspended solids in the reaction mixture, as is the case in the processing of polysaccharides, in particular lignocellulosic feedstocks in biorefineries.…”