Recent Advances in Processing and Application of Nanostructured Titanium for Dental Implants

Abstract

The paper presents the results of developments of nanostructured Ti with enhanced strength in the form of long-length rods. Using the technique of ECAP-Conform and drawing, rods with record strength properties were obtained, with UTS 1 330 MPa and endurance limit based on 10 7 cycles of 620 MPa. The developed processing route is quite effective and can be implemented at the commercial scale. It is shown that the use of nano-Ti rods allows for creation of dental implants with improved design and a smaller diameter. Such modern miniature implants with the diameter of 2.4 and 2 mm were manufactured by the "Timplant" company and the results of successful clinical trials are presented.

Finite Element Modeling for Virtual Design to Miniaturize Medical Implants Manufactured of Nanostructured Titanium with Enhanced Mechanical Performance

“…As shown by TEM observations, after ECAP-C followed by drawing treatment, the grain size ( d ) of the CP Ti was significantly reduced: from d ~25 µm down to d ~150 nm ( Figure 2 a). Such a drastic grain refinement provided a significant enhancing the mechanical properties, which is in a good agreement with earlier studies [ 13 , 14 ]. The ultimate tensile strength increased from 730 to 1255 MPa and the yield stress—from 500 to 1200 MPa for CG and nano-Ti, respectively.…”

“…For example, even a slight alternation of the force application angle in the fatigue test of the dental implant may result in the undesired number of load cycles before failure. The minimal dental implant diameter for reliable long-term functioning was figured out accounting for these issues and the results are consistent with the reported clinical data [ 13 ]. Moreover, if an additional type of the device fixation due to adhesion between the maxillofacial surgery plate and a bone is imposed (if, for example, later post operational stages are considered), the fatigue life predictions might considerably vary, and thus, yielding insufficient fatigue strength of the tested appliance.…”

“…A schematic view of the ECAP-C process is presented in Figure 1 . This technology being combined with subsequent wire drawing proved to produce long-sized UFG billets with enhanced properties [ 12 ] and dimensions suitable for manufacturing of implants [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Finite Element Modeling for Virtual Design to Miniaturize Medical Implants Manufactured of Nanostructured Titanium with Enhanced Mechanical Performance

“…As shown by TEM observations, after ECAP-C followed by drawing treatment, the grain size ( d ) of the CP Ti was significantly reduced: from d ~25 µm down to d ~150 nm ( Figure 2 a). Such a drastic grain refinement provided a significant enhancing the mechanical properties, which is in a good agreement with earlier studies [ 13 , 14 ]. The ultimate tensile strength increased from 730 to 1255 MPa and the yield stress—from 500 to 1200 MPa for CG and nano-Ti, respectively.…”

“…For example, even a slight alternation of the force application angle in the fatigue test of the dental implant may result in the undesired number of load cycles before failure. The minimal dental implant diameter for reliable long-term functioning was figured out accounting for these issues and the results are consistent with the reported clinical data [ 13 ]. Moreover, if an additional type of the device fixation due to adhesion between the maxillofacial surgery plate and a bone is imposed (if, for example, later post operational stages are considered), the fatigue life predictions might considerably vary, and thus, yielding insufficient fatigue strength of the tested appliance.…”

“…A schematic view of the ECAP-C process is presented in Figure 1 . This technology being combined with subsequent wire drawing proved to produce long-sized UFG billets with enhanced properties [ 12 ] and dimensions suitable for manufacturing of implants [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Properties of Ultrafine to Nanocrystalline Grade 2 Titanium Wires

“…Further passes mostly lead to nothing more than homogenization of the microstructure. However, according to some studies, the maximum (limit) grain refinement is only achieved after multiple passes [11,17,18].…”

Recent advances in using severe plastic deformation for the processing of nanomaterials

“…Finally, it should be noted that the major emphasis in this review concerned the development of new opportunities for achieving superplastic properties in metals but there are also many other potential industrial applications for materials produced by SPD processing as outlined in detail in several recent comprehensive reports. [115][116][117][118] For example, there are reports of the use of SPD processing for the production of a range of materials for various biomedical and orthopaedic applications, [119][120][121][122][123] for dental implants, [124][125][126] for materials used in Zn, Li, Mg and Al-based batteries 127 and for the production of sputtering targets for the electronics industry. 128 These developments confirm the many potential uses that become available through the processing of ultrafine-grained materials using SPD techniques.…”

Finite Element Modeling for Virtual Design to Miniaturize Medical Implants Manufactured of Nanostructured Titanium with Enhanced Mechanical Performance

“…As shown by TEM observations, after ECAP-C followed by drawing treatment, the grain size ( d ) of the CP Ti was significantly reduced: from d ~25 µm down to d ~150 nm ( Figure 2 a). Such a drastic grain refinement provided a significant enhancing the mechanical properties, which is in a good agreement with earlier studies [ 13 , 14 ]. The ultimate tensile strength increased from 730 to 1255 MPa and the yield stress—from 500 to 1200 MPa for CG and nano-Ti, respectively.…”

“…For example, even a slight alternation of the force application angle in the fatigue test of the dental implant may result in the undesired number of load cycles before failure. The minimal dental implant diameter for reliable long-term functioning was figured out accounting for these issues and the results are consistent with the reported clinical data [ 13 ]. Moreover, if an additional type of the device fixation due to adhesion between the maxillofacial surgery plate and a bone is imposed (if, for example, later post operational stages are considered), the fatigue life predictions might considerably vary, and thus, yielding insufficient fatigue strength of the tested appliance.…”

“…A schematic view of the ECAP-C process is presented in Figure 1 . This technology being combined with subsequent wire drawing proved to produce long-sized UFG billets with enhanced properties [ 12 ] and dimensions suitable for manufacturing of implants [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Properties of Ultrafine to Nanocrystalline Grade 2 Titanium Wires

“…Further passes mostly lead to nothing more than homogenization of the microstructure. However, according to some studies, the maximum (limit) grain refinement is only achieved after multiple passes [11,17,18].…”

Recent advances in using severe plastic deformation for the processing of nanomaterials

“…Finally, it should be noted that the major emphasis in this review concerned the development of new opportunities for achieving superplastic properties in metals but there are also many other potential industrial applications for materials produced by SPD processing as outlined in detail in several recent comprehensive reports. [115][116][117][118] For example, there are reports of the use of SPD processing for the production of a range of materials for various biomedical and orthopaedic applications, [119][120][121][122][123] for dental implants, [124][125][126] for materials used in Zn, Li, Mg and Al-based batteries 127 and for the production of sputtering targets for the electronics industry. 128 These developments confirm the many potential uses that become available through the processing of ultrafine-grained materials using SPD techniques.…”

Finite Element Modeling for Virtual Design to Miniaturize Medical Implants Manufactured of Nanostructured Titanium with Enhanced Mechanical Performance

“…As shown by TEM observations, after ECAP-C followed by drawing treatment, the grain size ( d ) of the CP Ti was significantly reduced: from d ~25 µm down to d ~150 nm ( Figure 2 a). Such a drastic grain refinement provided a significant enhancing the mechanical properties, which is in a good agreement with earlier studies [ 13 , 14 ]. The ultimate tensile strength increased from 730 to 1255 MPa and the yield stress—from 500 to 1200 MPa for CG and nano-Ti, respectively.…”

“…For example, even a slight alternation of the force application angle in the fatigue test of the dental implant may result in the undesired number of load cycles before failure. The minimal dental implant diameter for reliable long-term functioning was figured out accounting for these issues and the results are consistent with the reported clinical data [ 13 ]. Moreover, if an additional type of the device fixation due to adhesion between the maxillofacial surgery plate and a bone is imposed (if, for example, later post operational stages are considered), the fatigue life predictions might considerably vary, and thus, yielding insufficient fatigue strength of the tested appliance.…”

“…A schematic view of the ECAP-C process is presented in Figure 1 . This technology being combined with subsequent wire drawing proved to produce long-sized UFG billets with enhanced properties [ 12 ] and dimensions suitable for manufacturing of implants [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Properties of Ultrafine to Nanocrystalline Grade 2 Titanium Wires

“…Further passes mostly lead to nothing more than homogenization of the microstructure. However, according to some studies, the maximum (limit) grain refinement is only achieved after multiple passes [11,17,18].…”

Recent advances in using severe plastic deformation for the processing of nanomaterials

“…Finally, it should be noted that the major emphasis in this review concerned the development of new opportunities for achieving superplastic properties in metals but there are also many other potential industrial applications for materials produced by SPD processing as outlined in detail in several recent comprehensive reports. [115][116][117][118] For example, there are reports of the use of SPD processing for the production of a range of materials for various biomedical and orthopaedic applications, [119][120][121][122][123] for dental implants, [124][125][126] for materials used in Zn, Li, Mg and Al-based batteries 127 and for the production of sputtering targets for the electronics industry. 128 These developments confirm the many potential uses that become available through the processing of ultrafine-grained materials using SPD techniques.…”