Recent Advances in Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Melanoma

Cassano, Roberta; Cuconato, Massimo; Calviello, Gabriella; Serini, Simona; Trombino, Sonia

doi:10.3390/molecules26040785

Cited by 53 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 109 publications

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“…Eugenol has exhibited anticancer properties against several cancer types, such as leukemia, lung cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, skin cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, and prostate cancer [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] ( Table 1 ). Yoo et al assessed eugenol’s efficacy against human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60).…”

Section: Eugenol Anticancer Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, it is presently recognized for its actions against several human cancer types, whereas it has insignificant toxicity towards normal cells. Several studies have displayed diverse molecular pathways for varied curative mechanisms of eugenol in the treatment of various cancer types [ 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Anticancer effects of eugenol are accomplished by various mechanisms like apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and metastasis on several cancer cell lines [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anticancer Properties of Eugenol: A Review

Zari

Hakeem

2021

Molecules

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Conventional cancer treatments have shown several unfavourable adverse effects, as well as an increase in anticancer drug resistance, which worsens the impending cancer therapy. Thus, the emphasis is currently en route for natural products. There is currently great interest in the natural bioactive components from medicinal plants possessing anticancer characteristics. For example, clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Family Myrtaceae) is a highly prized spice that has been historically utilized as a food preservative and for diverse medical uses. It is reckoned amongst the valued sources of phenolics. It is indigenous to Indonesia but currently is cultivated in various places of the world. Among diverse active components, eugenol, the principal active component of S. aromaticum, has optimistic properties comprising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer actions. Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is a musky oil that is mainly obtained from clove. It has long been utilized all over the world as a result of its broad properties like antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Eugenol continues to pique investigators’ interest because of its multidirectional activities, which suggests it could be used in medications to treat different ailments. Anticancer effects of eugenol are accomplished by various mechanisms like inducing cell death, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis on several cancer cell lines. Besides, eugenol might be utilized as an adjunct remedy for patients who are treated with conventional chemotherapy. This combination leads to a boosted effectiveness with decreased toxicity. The present review focuses on the anticancer properties of eugenol to treat several cancer types and their possible mechanisms.

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Section: Eugenol Anticancer Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticancer Properties of Eugenol: A Review

Zari

Hakeem

2021

Molecules

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“…In recent years, several types of nanocarriers have been developed exploiting both organic and inorganic molecules (177)(178)(179)(180) as well as natural vesicles (181,182). Physical and chemical properties of nanocarriers affect their bio-distribution, internalization and degradation (183,184).…”

Section: General Features Of Nanocarriersmentioning

confidence: 99%

NK Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment as New Potential Players Mediating Chemotherapy Effects in Metastatic Melanoma

2021

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Until the last decade, chemotherapy was the standard treatment for metastatic cutaneous melanoma, even with poor results. The introduction of immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) radically changed the outcome, increasing 5-year survival from 5% to 60%. However, there is still a large portion of unresponsive patients that would need further therapies. NK cells are skin-resident innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize and kill virus-infected as well as cancer cells thanks to a balance between inhibitory and activating signals delivered by surface molecules expressed by the target. Since NK cells are equipped with cytotoxic machinery but lack of antigen restriction and needing to be primed, they are nowadays gaining attention as an alternative to T cells to be exploited in immunotherapy. However, their usage suffers of the same limitations reported for T cells, that is the loss of immunogenicity by target cells and the difficulty to penetrate and be activated in the suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Several evidence showed that chemotherapy used in metastatic melanoma therapy possess immunomodulatory properties that may restore NK cells functions within TME. Here, we will discuss the capability of such chemotherapeutics to: i) up-regulate melanoma cells susceptibility to NK cell-mediated killing, ii) promote NK cells infiltration within TME, iii) target other immune cell subsets that affect NK cells activities. Alongside traditional systemic melanoma chemotherapy, a new pharmacological strategy based on nanocarriers loaded with chemotherapeutics is developing. The use of nanotechnologies represents a very promising approach to improve drug tolerability and effectiveness thanks to the targeted delivery of the therapeutic molecules. Here, we will also discuss the recent developments in using nanocarriers to deliver anti-cancer drugs within the melanoma microenvironment in order to improve chemotherapeutics effects. Overall, we highlight the possibility to use standard chemotherapeutics, possibly delivered by nanosystems, to enhance NK cells anti-tumor cytotoxicity. Combined with immunotherapies targeting NK cells, this may represent a valuable alternative approach to treat those patients that do not respond to current ICIs.

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“…Since atherosclerosis is triggered by a series of processes that result from the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the blood vessels, the possibility of highlighting them as soon as possible and treating them to block their growth represents a valid possibility of reducing its consequences on human health. The pathogenetic mechanisms that determine the Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 503 2 of 20 formation of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels are manifold and range from altered lipid metabolism to the involvement of an abnormal immune-inflammatory response [4]. The current pharmacological treatment allows for reducing the risks of acute coronary events such as thrombosis, but it does not lead to a regression of the disease nor normalize the aberrant activity of the cells involved in the process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, there are already numerous attempts to formulate Rapa through innovative carriers such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and other formulations, with encouraging results both for the diagnosis and for the treatment of numerous pathologies [7,10,11]. The advantages could be either the improvement of the chemical-physical properties of the drug itself or optimization of bioavailability, both thanks to the modification of the drug release profile and the carrier site-specific directing effect [12,13]. Research efforts to optimize and make real the use of innovative carriers also for the detection and treatment of atherosclerosis are already well-documented in the literature [3,[14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapamycin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles as an Advanced Formulation for Macrophage Targeting in Atherosclerosis

et al. 2021

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Recently, rapamycin (Rapa) represents a potential drug treatment to induce regression of atherosclerotic plaques; however, its use requires site-specific accumulation in the vessels involved in the formation of the plaques to avoid the systemic effects resulting from its indiscriminate biodistribution. In this work, a stable pharmaceutical formulation for Rapa was realized as a dried powder to be dispersed extemporaneously before administration. The latter was constituted by mannitol (Man) as an excipient and a Rapa-loaded polymeric nanoparticle carrier. These nanoparticles were obtained by nanoprecipitation and using as a starting polymeric material a polycaprolactone (PCL)/α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-dl-aspartamide (PHEA) graft copolymer. To obtain nanoparticles targeted to macrophages, an oxidized phospholipid with a high affinity for the CD36 receptor of macrophages, the 1-(palmitoyl)-2-(5-keto-6-octene-dioyl) phosphatidylcholine (KOdia-PC), was added to the starting organic phase. The chemical–physical and technological characterization of the obtained nanoparticles demonstrated that: both the drug loading (DL%) and the entrapment efficiency (EE%) entrapped drug are high; the entrapped drug is in the amorphous state, protected from degradation and slowly released from the polymeric matrix; and the KOdia-PC is on the nanoparticle surface (KP-Nano). The biological characterization demonstrated that both systems are quickly internalized by macrophages while maintaining the activity of the drug. In vitro studies demonstrated that the effect of KP-Nano Rapa-loaded, in reducing the amount of the Phospo-Ser757-ULK1 protein through the inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is comparable to that of the free drug.

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Recent Advances in Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Melanoma

Cited by 53 publications

References 109 publications

Anticancer Properties of Eugenol: A Review

Anticancer Properties of Eugenol: A Review

NK Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment as New Potential Players Mediating Chemotherapy Effects in Metastatic Melanoma

Rapamycin-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles as an Advanced Formulation for Macrophage Targeting in Atherosclerosis

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