Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Caffeine Determination

Abstract

The determination of target analytes at very low concentrations is important for various fields such as the pharmaceutical industry, environmental protection, and the food industry. Caffeine, as a natural alkaloid, is widely consumed in various beverages and medicines. Apart from the beneficial effects for which it is used, caffeine also has negative effects, and for these reasons it is very important to determine its concentration in different mediums. Among numerous analytical techniques, electrochemical methods with appropriate sensors occupy a special place since they are efficient, fast, and entail relatively easy preparation and measurements. Electrochemical sensors based on carbon materials are very common in this type of research because they are cost-effective, have a wide potential range, and possess relative electrochemical inertness and electrocatalytic activity in various redox reactions. Additionally, these types of sensors could be modified to improve their analytical performances. The data available in the literature on the development and modification of electrochemical sensors for the determination of caffeine are summarized and discussed in this review.

Synthesis and Characterization of Silica and Silica Cellulose from Natural Materials as Matrix for Various Sensor Applications: A Mini Review

“…Characterization helps identify the presence of functional groups on the material's surface, which can be modified to enhance analyte adsorption or interaction. This enables the sensor to achieve higher sensitivity and accuracy [45]. There were several physical characterizations of the silica and silica cellulose matrices which were carried out including determining the water content, ash content, density, absorption, analysis using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis [46].…”

Quantification of caffeine in coffee cans using electrochemical measurements, machine learning, and boron-doped diamond electrodes

“…Electrochemistry has often been utilized as a sensor to measure the redox potential of substances using easily controlled voltages and currents [ 11 ]. Electrochemically sensitive caffeine measurements have been successful [ 12 ]. However, electrochemical measurements require control of the solvent pH, electrolytic mass, and other factors to ensure stable and accurate measurements [ 13 ].…”

Electrochemical Synthesis of Added Valuable Purine Alkaloid Metabolites from Caffeine Feedstock Employing a Structure Electro-Activity Relationship (SeAR) Approach

“…[2] These diverse caffeine metabolites enter the water environment and have implications for ecopharmacovigilance. [3] Although the electrochemical behaviour of caffeine has been studied for uses including as sensors and determination of caffeine concentration, [4][5] to the best of our knowledge no structure electro-activity relationships (SeAR) of metabolite formation nor single step synthesis of major caffeine metabolitesparaxanthine and theophylline have been developed. The primary human metabolism of caffeine (Scheme 1) proceeds predominantly through N3demethylation to paraxanthine via CYP1A2 in the liver (70-80% of metabolites).…”