Abstract:Recent developments in organoid culture technologies have made it possible to closely recapitulate intrinsic characteristics of different tissues under in vitro conditions. These organoids act as a translational bridge between the traditional 2D/3D cultures and the in vivo models for studying the tissue development processes, disease modeling, and drug screening. Matrigel and tissue-specific extracellular matrix have been shown to support organoid development, efficiently; however, their chemically undefined n… Show more
“…Gelatin is available in a fantastic range of viscosities and molecular weights in various functionalized forms as a rheology enhancer with either UV crosslinking or thermal crosslinking [ 8 , 16 , 17 ]. Synthetic biomaterials, on the other hand, such as poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate [ 18 ] (PEGDA) and pluronic acid [ 19 ] have unmatched tailorability, robustness, reproducibility, and gelation kinetics with compromised biochemical features [ 20 ]. As one single biomaterial cannot fulfil all the requirements, a combination of these materials provides a more holistic approach [ 21 , 22 ]; however, all these materials either totally lack the native extracellular matrix (ECM) component [ 23 ] or do not entirely mimic the optimal ratios of different bioactive proteins present in a specific tissue, such as liver [ 24 , 25 ].…”
Bioprinting is an acclaimed technique that allows the scaling of 3D architectures in an organized pattern but suffers from a scarcity of appropriate bioinks. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from xenogeneic species has garnered support as a biomaterial to promote tissue-specific regeneration and repair. The prospect of developing dECM-based 3D artificial tissue is impeded by its inherent low mechanical properties. In recent years, 3D bioprinting of dECM-based bioinks modified with additional scaffolds has advanced the development of load-bearing constructs. However, previous attempts using dECM were limited to low-temperature bioprinting, which is not favorable for a longer print duration with cells. Here, we report the development of a multi-material decellularized liver matrix (dLM) bioink reinforced with gelatin and polyethylene glycol to improve rheology, extrudability, and mechanical stability. This shear-thinning bioink facilitated extrusion-based bioprinting at 37 °C with HepG2 cells into a 3D grid structure with a further enhancement for long-term applications by enzymatic crosslinking with mushroom tyrosinase. The heavily crosslinked structure showed a 16-fold increase in viscosity (2.73 Pa s−1) and a 32-fold increase in storage modulus from the non-crosslinked dLM while retaining high cell viability (85–93%) and liver-specific functions. Our results show that the cytocompatible crosslinking of dLM bioink at physiological temperatures has promising applications for extended 3D-printing procedures.
“…Gelatin is available in a fantastic range of viscosities and molecular weights in various functionalized forms as a rheology enhancer with either UV crosslinking or thermal crosslinking [ 8 , 16 , 17 ]. Synthetic biomaterials, on the other hand, such as poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate [ 18 ] (PEGDA) and pluronic acid [ 19 ] have unmatched tailorability, robustness, reproducibility, and gelation kinetics with compromised biochemical features [ 20 ]. As one single biomaterial cannot fulfil all the requirements, a combination of these materials provides a more holistic approach [ 21 , 22 ]; however, all these materials either totally lack the native extracellular matrix (ECM) component [ 23 ] or do not entirely mimic the optimal ratios of different bioactive proteins present in a specific tissue, such as liver [ 24 , 25 ].…”
Bioprinting is an acclaimed technique that allows the scaling of 3D architectures in an organized pattern but suffers from a scarcity of appropriate bioinks. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) from xenogeneic species has garnered support as a biomaterial to promote tissue-specific regeneration and repair. The prospect of developing dECM-based 3D artificial tissue is impeded by its inherent low mechanical properties. In recent years, 3D bioprinting of dECM-based bioinks modified with additional scaffolds has advanced the development of load-bearing constructs. However, previous attempts using dECM were limited to low-temperature bioprinting, which is not favorable for a longer print duration with cells. Here, we report the development of a multi-material decellularized liver matrix (dLM) bioink reinforced with gelatin and polyethylene glycol to improve rheology, extrudability, and mechanical stability. This shear-thinning bioink facilitated extrusion-based bioprinting at 37 °C with HepG2 cells into a 3D grid structure with a further enhancement for long-term applications by enzymatic crosslinking with mushroom tyrosinase. The heavily crosslinked structure showed a 16-fold increase in viscosity (2.73 Pa s−1) and a 32-fold increase in storage modulus from the non-crosslinked dLM while retaining high cell viability (85–93%) and liver-specific functions. Our results show that the cytocompatible crosslinking of dLM bioink at physiological temperatures has promising applications for extended 3D-printing procedures.
“…Compared with in vivo process, it would be more difficult to control the morphologies of organoids. Herein, various biomaterials were designed to recapitulate the natural extracellular matrix conditions for specifying the stem cell fate [ 10 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Bio-technology Of Bone Organoidmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, active biomaterials are designed to support the generation of close to real organoids. Various material factors such as porosity [ 10 ], polymeric chemistry [ 11 ], stiffness, and charges would be flexibly modulated to affect the differentiation of stem cells, so-called materiobiology [ 12 ].…”
“…Generally, they are produced from stem cells or organ progenitors to self-organized spheroids capable of mimicking complex organ functions ( Clevers, 2016 ; Heydari et al., 2021 ; Nishikawa et al., 2020 ; Rozich et al., 2020 ). Brain organoids, specifically, have numerous potentials for recreating accurate 3D neural structures and simulating neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuronal maturation, and neural connections ( Agarwal et al., 2021 ; Shou et al., 2020 ; Thakor et al., 2020 ). Vascularized brain organoids have been targeted for primarily one reason, which is supplying the organoids with oxygen and nutrients ( Rawal et al., 2021 ).…”
Section: Recreating Neuronal Microenvironments For Bbb
In V...mentioning
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