Recent Advances and a Roadmap to Aptamer-Based Sensors for Bloodstream Infections

Abstract

The present review is intended to describe bloodstream infections (BSIs), the major pathogens responsible for BSIs, conventional tests and their limitations, commercially available methods used, and the aptamer and nanomaterials-based approaches developed so far for the detection of BSIs. The advantages associated with aptamers and the aptamer-based sensors, the comparison between the aptamers and the antibodies, and the various types of aptasensors developed so far for the detection of bloodstream infections have been described in detail in the present review. Also, the future outlook and roadmap toward aptamer-based sensors and the challenges associated with the aptamer development have also been concluded in this review.

Aptamers for SARS‐CoV‐2: Isolation, Characterization, and Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments

“…Furthermore, electrochemical sensors can often be integrated with a smartphone to allow simple signal processing and readouts using an associated app [78] . Given these advantages, many aptamer‐based electrochemical sensors have been developed for the detection of diverse human diseases [16,102–105] …”

“…[78] Given these advantages, many aptamer-based electrochemical sensors have been developed for the detection of diverse human diseases. [16,[102][103][104][105] There are several recent examples of aptamer-based electrochemical sensors for SARS-CoV-2. For example, Idili et al developed an electrochemical sensor by simply immobilizing an S protein-specific DNA aptamer on electrodes for quantitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 (Figure 7).…”

Biosensors and Point‐of‐Care Devices for Bacterial Detection: Rapid Diagnostics Informing Antibiotic Therapy

“…Culture methods are generally very sensitive and can detect anywhere from 2000 CFU mL −1 down to 1-10 CFU mL −1 but, usually yield results after a few days. [18,19]…”

“…[56] Aside from antibodies, the use of DNA aptamers specific to the target bacteria have been shown to provide the best sensitivity for impedimetric detection platforms. [19] To illustrate this, a nanoporous gold (NPG) surface was functionalized with a thiolated version of the S. Typhi specific DNA aptamer, 5"-SH-TAT GGC GGC GTC ACC CGA CGGGGA CTT GAC ATT ATG ACA-G-3" for the detection of S. Typhi. [57] EIS was carried out after 40 min incubation of bacteria; it was found that there was a rise in the charge transfer resistance, as the bacterial concentration was increased owing to the bacterial accumulation at the redox probe-electrode interface.…”

Single Cycle Selection of CD63-targeting Aptamers Using a Microscale Electrophoretic Filtration Device

“…Fig 5. Comparison of the sequences and secondary structures (a) CD63 aptamer previously reported by Q. Zhou et al19) , and (b) one of the aptamer candidates obtained by single cycle MEFAS.…”