2009
DOI: 10.1007/s11240-009-9647-2
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Abstract: Despite major advances in forest biotechnology, clonal regeneration by somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis is still difficult for many woody species and is often limited to the use of juvenile explants. Adventitious regeneration of plants from gymnosperms older than zygotic embryos, and frequently even from highly immature zygotic embryos, is often difficult or has not yet been achieved. A number of experimental approaches that could eventually lead to overcoming recalcitrance are suggested in this review. … Show more

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Cited by 165 publications
(146 citation statements)
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References 116 publications
(124 reference statements)
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“…Phenolic exudation is one the major problem in culture establishment when explants taken from woody tissues (Rai et al 2010). Furthermore, old branches shoots carry recalcitrant microbes in the tissues and these affect the process of surface sterilization and subsequent culture, behavior and growth of shoots (Bonga et al 2010). Apical juvenile or below apical nodal segments were sensitive to surface sterilization (Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Datta et al (1982) and Gulati and Jaiwal (1996) rooted the microshoots of D. sissoo under in vitro condition by two-step method. Generally, woody plant species are recalcitrant to adventitious regeneration during their maturation stage as the vigor for shoot production and competence for rooting declines (Singh et al 2002;Bonga et al 2010). D. sissoo reaches maturity after 20-25 years in the arid regions.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Perennial and woody plants generally are considered to be recalcitrant in culture and are difficult to regenerate [108]. In commercial regeneration systems, the two methods that are used most commonly for olive plants are micropropagation and somatic embryogenesis.…”
Section: Regeneration Systems For Olivementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Numerous recalcitrant forest trees of economic value are still difficult to establish in vitro (Anna et al 2010) mainly due to reduced or absence of morphogenetic ability (Bonga 2010), high level of contamination (Drew 1988) and poor rooting of the regenerated shoots. However, induction of cellular differentiation in vitro also depend on genetic totipotency, culture medium formulation, and incubation conditions (Gasper et al 1987).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In this sense, Bonga et al (2010) pointed that lowering or increasing temperatures may improve initiation and proliferation stage as they act as a mild stress that favors cell reprogramming. Additionally, Fehér (2015) reviewed that temperature exerts a selective pressure in the early stages of the process that leads to lower rates of initiation, but higher rates of proliferation and maturation.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%