2017
DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.027
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Abstract: Silica scaling of RO membranes was evaluated via real-time direct surface imaging demonstrating a capability for detecting the onset of silica scale formation and its evolution. Silica scaling was detected significantly earlier than by traditional flux decline measurements. The observed rate of silica particle nucleation followed classical nucleation theory while the growth of individual silica particles, at the early stages of silica scaling, was governed by diffusional growth. SEM and optical images of the m… Show more

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Cited by 44 publications
(22 citation statements)
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“…Mineral scaling is typically mitigated via: (a) the addition of polymeric antiscalants additives to the feed to suppress the nucleation and/or growth of mineral crystals and promote dispersion of crystals, (b) feed pH adjustment if calcium carbonate is an issue of concern, (c) regulation of water recovery to keep the level of retentate concentration within acceptable limits (as governed by mineral scaling kinetics), (d) periodic membrane cleaning (e.g., via fresh water flush, osmotic backwash, feed flow reversal, or chemical cleaning), and (e) removal of scale precursors via crystallization, nanofiltration, or ion exchange . In certain cases where boron and carbon dioxide removal are necessary and where silica scaling is to be avoided (at high recovery), RO operation at high pH may be necessary . Chemical post‐treatment of the product water may also be necessary and, depending on the end use, can include disinfection, remineralization, and pH adjustment …”
Section: Water Desalinationmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Mineral scaling is typically mitigated via: (a) the addition of polymeric antiscalants additives to the feed to suppress the nucleation and/or growth of mineral crystals and promote dispersion of crystals, (b) feed pH adjustment if calcium carbonate is an issue of concern, (c) regulation of water recovery to keep the level of retentate concentration within acceptable limits (as governed by mineral scaling kinetics), (d) periodic membrane cleaning (e.g., via fresh water flush, osmotic backwash, feed flow reversal, or chemical cleaning), and (e) removal of scale precursors via crystallization, nanofiltration, or ion exchange . In certain cases where boron and carbon dioxide removal are necessary and where silica scaling is to be avoided (at high recovery), RO operation at high pH may be necessary . Chemical post‐treatment of the product water may also be necessary and, depending on the end use, can include disinfection, remineralization, and pH adjustment …”
Section: Water Desalinationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Effective self‐adaptive RO feed pretreatment that can handle temporal variability of raw feed water quality and production demand is also likely to lead to significant reduction in the use of feed treatment chemicals while reducing the frequency of membrane cleaning and replacement. All of the above would benefit from real time monitoring of membrane fouling and mineral scaling . It is also stressed that real‐time monitoring of feed and product water quality (e.g., w.r.t emerging contaminants) and of membrane integrity would contribute to establishing effective operational strategies to mitigate fouling/scaling and toward gaining acceptability of RO for direct potable reuse applications.…”
Section: The Path To Improving Ro Desalinationmentioning
confidence: 99%
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