Reactions of Aqueous Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide with Model Food Compounds

Abstract

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and Brogan & Partners are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Environmental Health Perspectives.Chlorine and chlorine dioxide (C102), common disinfecting and bleaching chemicals used in the food industry, are potent oxidizing and chlorinating agents. Unfortunately, little is known about the nature of the reactions of chlorine with organic food constituents. This presentation reviews published information concerning the reactions of chlorine gas (Cl2[g]), aqueous chlorine, and C102 with model food compounds, the fate of chlorine during the chlorination of specific food products, and the potential toxicity of the reaction products. Fatty acids and their methyl esters react with chlorine with the degree of incorporation corresponding to their degree of unsaturation. Aqueous chlorine oxidizes and chlorinates lipids and amino acids much more readily than C102. Several amino acids are highly susceptible to oxidation and chlori? nation by chlorine compounds. Reactions of chlorine and C102 with several food products, including flour and shrimp, have also been characterized. In one model system, 99% of Cl2(g) either reacted with com? ponents of flour or was consumed by oxidation/chlorination reactions. The lipids extracted from the chlorinated flour contained significant amounts of chlorine. Exposure of shrimp to hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution resulted in significant incorporation of chlorine into the edible portion. Although sig? nificant quantities of chlorine can be incorporated into specific model compounds and food products, the health risks associated with exposure to chlorinated organic products are unknown. Preliminary studies using the Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay indicate that the reaction products from mix? tures of aqueous chlorine and various lipids or tryptophan are nonmutagenic. Nevertheless, additional studies are warranted, so that the toxicological significance of these reaction products can be understood more fully.

The effects of sodium hypochlorite against selected drinking water-isolated bacteria in planktonic and sessile states

“…Both A. calcoaceticus and S. maltophilia showed to be hydrophilic as was also reported by Simões et al (2007aSimões et al ( , 2010a. However, the use of NaOCl decreased the hydrophobicity of A. calcoaceticus, possibly due to the oxidation and chlorination of membrane unsaturated fatty acids as proposed by Fukayama et al (1986). The oxidation and chlorination of cell surface molecules could help to explain the changes in the surface tension parameters, particularly the reduction of the electron donor parameter and the increase of the electron acceptor.…”

The effects of sodium hypochlorite against selected drinking water-isolated bacteria in planktonic and sessile states

“…Both A. calcoaceticus and S. maltophilia showed to be hydrophilic as was also reported by Simões et al (2007aSimões et al ( , 2010a. However, the use of NaOCl decreased the hydrophobicity of A. calcoaceticus, possibly due to the oxidation and chlorination of membrane unsaturated fatty acids as proposed by Fukayama et al (1986). The oxidation and chlorination of cell surface molecules could help to explain the changes in the surface tension parameters, particularly the reduction of the electron donor parameter and the increase of the electron acceptor.…”

The Efficiency of Disinfection of Acidic Electrolyzed Water in the Presence of Organic Materials

“…It has also been reported that available chlorine reacts with sugar under drastic conditions at a high concentration of chlorine for a long reaction time. 12 However under the present conditions, glucose and sucrose did not react at all with available chlorine in acidic EW. In the case of chopped cabbage, the amount of remaining available chlorine depended on the surface area of the cabbage.…”

The impact of inducing germination ofBacillus anthracisandBacillus thuringiensisspores on potential secondary decontamination strategies

“…It is well documented that organic debris can interfere with the efficacy of bleach (Fukayama et al . ; Hawkins and Davies ; Hilgren et al . ).…”

“…However, the presence of these germinants reduced the efficacy of disinfection with bleach and UV radiation (Figs 4,(8)(9)(10). It is well documented that organic debris can interfere with the efficacy of bleach (Fukayama et al 1986;Hawkins and Davies 1999;Hilgren et al 2007). Once the germinants were removed, the cells were sensitive to the effects of bleach; however, it would not be feasible to induce germination and then remove the nutritive germinants prior to secondary decontamination in an actual remediation event.…”

The effects of sodium hypochlorite against selected drinking water-isolated bacteria in planktonic and sessile states

“…Both A. calcoaceticus and S. maltophilia showed to be hydrophilic as was also reported by Simões et al (2007aSimões et al ( , 2010a. However, the use of NaOCl decreased the hydrophobicity of A. calcoaceticus, possibly due to the oxidation and chlorination of membrane unsaturated fatty acids as proposed by Fukayama et al (1986). The oxidation and chlorination of cell surface molecules could help to explain the changes in the surface tension parameters, particularly the reduction of the electron donor parameter and the increase of the electron acceptor.…”

The Efficiency of Disinfection of Acidic Electrolyzed Water in the Presence of Organic Materials

“…It has also been reported that available chlorine reacts with sugar under drastic conditions at a high concentration of chlorine for a long reaction time. 12 However under the present conditions, glucose and sucrose did not react at all with available chlorine in acidic EW. In the case of chopped cabbage, the amount of remaining available chlorine depended on the surface area of the cabbage.…”

The impact of inducing germination ofBacillus anthracisandBacillus thuringiensisspores on potential secondary decontamination strategies

“…It is well documented that organic debris can interfere with the efficacy of bleach (Fukayama et al . ; Hawkins and Davies ; Hilgren et al . ).…”

“…However, the presence of these germinants reduced the efficacy of disinfection with bleach and UV radiation (Figs 4,(8)(9)(10). It is well documented that organic debris can interfere with the efficacy of bleach (Fukayama et al 1986;Hawkins and Davies 1999;Hilgren et al 2007). Once the germinants were removed, the cells were sensitive to the effects of bleach; however, it would not be feasible to induce germination and then remove the nutritive germinants prior to secondary decontamination in an actual remediation event.…”

The effects of sodium hypochlorite against selected drinking water-isolated bacteria in planktonic and sessile states

“…Both A. calcoaceticus and S. maltophilia showed to be hydrophilic as was also reported by Simões et al (2007aSimões et al ( , 2010a. However, the use of NaOCl decreased the hydrophobicity of A. calcoaceticus, possibly due to the oxidation and chlorination of membrane unsaturated fatty acids as proposed by Fukayama et al (1986). The oxidation and chlorination of cell surface molecules could help to explain the changes in the surface tension parameters, particularly the reduction of the electron donor parameter and the increase of the electron acceptor.…”

The Efficiency of Disinfection of Acidic Electrolyzed Water in the Presence of Organic Materials

“…It has also been reported that available chlorine reacts with sugar under drastic conditions at a high concentration of chlorine for a long reaction time. 12 However under the present conditions, glucose and sucrose did not react at all with available chlorine in acidic EW. In the case of chopped cabbage, the amount of remaining available chlorine depended on the surface area of the cabbage.…”

The impact of inducing germination ofBacillus anthracisandBacillus thuringiensisspores on potential secondary decontamination strategies

“…It is well documented that organic debris can interfere with the efficacy of bleach (Fukayama et al . ; Hawkins and Davies ; Hilgren et al . ).…”

“…However, the presence of these germinants reduced the efficacy of disinfection with bleach and UV radiation (Figs 4,(8)(9)(10). It is well documented that organic debris can interfere with the efficacy of bleach (Fukayama et al 1986;Hawkins and Davies 1999;Hilgren et al 2007). Once the germinants were removed, the cells were sensitive to the effects of bleach; however, it would not be feasible to induce germination and then remove the nutritive germinants prior to secondary decontamination in an actual remediation event.…”