Rapid changes in rotaviral genotypes in Ecuador

Hasing, Maria E.; Trueba, Gabriel; Baquero, María Inés; Ponce, Karina; Cevallos, William; Solberg, Owen D.; Eisenberg, Joseph N.S.

doi:10.1002/jmv.21632

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…In contrast, other studies in Ecuador documented a decrease in G9 from 2005 to 2008 showing that this genotype was replaced by the G1 and G2 types. 25 Similarly, G1P[8] genotype was considered one of the most prevalent genotypes worldwide. 26,27 Together, these data suggest country-specific rotavirus genotype changes each year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus genotype distribution during the pre-vaccine period in Bolivia: 2007–2008

Rivera

Forney

Castro

et al. 2013

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Summary Objectives Rotavirus is the most important etiology of severe diarrhea in Bolivia. The monovalent attenuated human oral rotavirus vaccine Rotarix® was introduced in Bolivia in 2008. We describe the molecular epidemiology of circulating rotavirus strains before vaccine introduction. Methods Two thousand one hundred thirty-five diarrheal samples were collected from hospitals in four Bolivian cities during 2007–2008. Forty-three percent (445 of 1030 rotavirus-positive samples) were analyzed for G and P genotypes. Among those, 331 were electropherotyped by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Disease severity was quantified using a modified Vesikari scale. Results Among the 445 samples, five genotypes were found to be prevalent: G9P[8] (33%), G1P[6] (17%), G2P[4] (13%), G9P[6] (12%), and G1P[8] (4%). Co-infections with two or more strains accounted for 14% of samples. The most prevalent strain, G9, showed greater electropherotype diversity compared to other serogroups. Strain G1P[6] generally infected younger children and peaked later in the year than other strains. No particular genotype was associated with a higher severity score, though there was a significant difference in the duration of diarrhea between genotypes. Conclusions During the 2-year pre-vaccine period, substantial diversity of rotavirus co-circulating strains was observed. These data constitute a baseline against which changes in circulating strains post-vaccine introduction can be monitored.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus genotype distribution during the pre-vaccine period in Bolivia: 2007–2008

Rivera

Forney

Castro

et al. 2013

International Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…One limitation to this study is that the number of samples collected in 2008 in the EAP Hospital is insufficient. Camaguey is far (558 km) from Havana City and changes in genotype patterns observed may be explained by the population's immunity and viral evolution [Hasing et al, 2009]. The G1/P[8] genotype is considered as the most common and prevalent in young children worldwide, and this combination represented over 50–70% of rotavirus strains circulating globally [Iturriza‐Gomara et al, 2000, 2001; Gentsch et al, 2005; Gurgel et al, 2008].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The G1/P[8] genotype is considered as the most common and prevalent in young children worldwide, and this combination represented over 50–70% of rotavirus strains circulating globally [Iturriza‐Gomara et al, 2000, 2001; Gentsch et al, 2005; Gurgel et al, 2008]. Studies conducted in Latin American countries have described a great variety of rotavirus genotypes, with the majority being the four epidemiologically important global types G1/P[8], G2/P[4], G3/P[8], G4/P[8], and marked temporal and geographical fluctuations have been noted [Gentsch et al, 2005; Santos and Hoshino, 2005; Castello et al, 2006; Hasing et al, 2009].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…G9 was identified as responsible for a large number of rotavirus infections in the last decade in Latin America and throughout the world, being recognized globally as the fifth most important rotavirus genotype [Santos and Hoshino, 2005; Chouikha et al, 2007; Bozdayi et al, 2008; Hasing et al, 2009]. The emergence of G9 was reported for the first time in 1983 in a pediatric hospital in Philadelphia, USA, as an uncommon type with a frequency of 9.2%, whereas later studies (1995/1996) showed a higher incidence [Santos and Hoshino, 2005; Serravalle et al, 2007].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergence of G9 as a predominant genotype of human rotaviruses in Cuba

et al. 2011

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To study human rotaviruses in Cuban children up to 5 years old with acute diarrhea, a total of 64 faecal samples from two pediatric hospitals between 2006 and 2008 were analyzed. Thirty-nine samples (60.9%) were found positive for rotaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), while four (6.2%) exhibited discordant results (ELISA positives/PAGE negatives). All the positive samples were genotyped by a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The most prevalent G and P types were G1 (60.5%) and P[8] (90.6%), respectively. Among the rotaviruses detected, two long RNA patterns were identified by PAGE (L/A and L/B). The predominant genotype in 2006 and 2007 was G1/P[8] with detection rates 71.4% and 80%, respectively. In contrast, G9/P[8] was found at the highest rate (78.5%) in 2008. The phylogenetic analysis of VP7 genes of the ten representative strains indicated that Cuban G1/P[8] rotaviruses were close to those reported in the Americas, and G9/P[8] rotaviruses were located in the lineage of the emerging G9 strains spreading worldwide. This is the first molecular epidemiologic study of rotaviruses in Cuba, highlighting the current increase of the G9 rotavirus which has been recognized globally as an emerging genotype. The study reinforces the need for a systematic surveillance of the molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses.

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“…[78] Segregation of VP7 and VP4 genes occurs independently. [79][80][81][82][83][84][85] Rotavirus genomic diversity arises from several mechanisms, including sequential point mutations, genomic reassortment during mixed infections, genomic rearrangement within gene segments, and interspecies transmission. [79] Globally, in humans G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9 are the most prevalent VP7 genotypes, P [8], P [4], and P [6] are the most common VP4 genotypes, while G1P [8], G2P [4], G3P [8], G4P [8], and G9P [8] combinations make up 70-90% of circulating rotavirus strains.…”

Section: Rotavirus Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus Infections and Vaccines

2010

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Rotaviruses are the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. By 5 years of age virtually every child worldwide will have experienced at least one rotavirus infection. This leads to an enormous disease burden, where every minute a child dies because of rotavirus infection and another four are hospitalized, at an annual societal cost in 2007 of $US2 billion. Most of the annual 527 000 deaths are in malnourished infants living in rural regions of low and middle income countries. In contrast, most measurable costs arise from medical expenses and lost parental wages in high income countries. Vaccines are the only public health prevention strategy likely to control rotavirus disease. They were developed to mimic the immunity following natural rotavirus infection that confers protection against severe gastroenteritis and consequently reduces the risk of primary healthcare utilization, hospitalization and death. The two currently licensed vaccines--one a single human strain rotavirus vaccine, the other a multiple strain human-bovine pentavalent reassortant rotavirus vaccine--are administered to infants in a two- or three-dose course, respectively, with the first dose given at 6-14 weeks of age. In various settings they are safe, immunogenic and efficacious against many different rotavirus genotypes. In high and middle income countries, rotavirus vaccines confer 85-100% protection against severe disease, while in low income regions of Africa and Asia, protection is less, at 46-77%. Despite this reduced efficacy in low income countries, the high burden of diarrheal disease in these regions means that proportionately more severe cases are prevented by vaccination than elsewhere. Post-licensure effectiveness studies show that rotavirus vaccines not only reduce rotavirus activity in infancy but they also decrease rates of rotavirus diarrhea in older and unimmunized children. A successful rotavirus vaccination program will rely upon sustained vaccine efficacy against diverse and evolving rotavirus strains and efficient vaccine delivery systems. The potential introduction of rotavirus vaccines into the world's poorest countries with the greatest rates of rotavirus-related mortality is expected to be very cost effective, while rotavirus vaccines should also be cost effective by international standards when incorporated into developed countries immunization schedules. Nonetheless, cost effectiveness in each country still depends largely on the local rotavirus mortality rate and the price of the vaccine in relation to the per capita gross domestic product.

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Rapid changes in rotaviral genotypes in Ecuador

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Rotavirus genotype distribution during the pre-vaccine period in Bolivia: 2007–2008

Rotavirus genotype distribution during the pre-vaccine period in Bolivia: 2007–2008

Emergence of G9 as a predominant genotype of human rotaviruses in Cuba

Rotavirus Infections and Vaccines

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