We in this paper give a decomposition concerning the general matrix triplet over an arbitrary division ring F with the same row or column numbers. We also design a practical algorithm for the decomposition of the matrix triplet. As applications, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the general solutions to the system of matrix equationsWe give the expressions of the general solutions to the system and the matrix equation when the solvability conditions are satisfied. Moreover, we present numerical examples to illustrate the results of this paper. We also mention the other applications of the equivalence canonical form, for instance, for the compression of color images. Keywords division ring, linear matrix equation, equivalence canonical form of a matrix triplet, decomposition MSC(2000): 15A21, 15A22, 15A24, 15A33, 15A03 Citation: Wang Q W, van der Woude J W, Yu S W. An equivalence canonical form of a matrix triplet over an arbitrary division ring with applications. Sci China Math, 2011, 54(5): 907-924,