Range of motion and between-measurement variation of spinal kinematics in sound horses at trot on the straight line and on the lunge

Hardeman, A. M.; Byström, Anna; Roepstorff, L.; Swagemakers, J. H.; Weeren, P. R. van; Bragança, F. M. Serra

doi:10.1101/764720

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(47 reference statements)

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“…Little work has been done on the correlation of variations in spinal anatomy with differences in back mobility, impairment of athletic function or predisposition to development of back disease. What has been shown in Warmblood horses is a rather large horse specificity with respect to range of motion of spinal segments (Faber et al, 2000 , 2001 ; Hardeman et al, 2020 ). These differences in kinematics of the equine vertebral column within and between breeds could possibly be related to anatomical variations, inducing differences in motion and/or stability of an individual vertebral column (Townsend & Leach, 1984 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These disorders are almost all related to malfunctioning of components of either the appendicular or the axial musculoskeletal system. Whereas there are myriads of publications on the prevalence and treatments of diseases of the appendicular musculoskeletal system, reports on the kinematics (Hardeman et al, 2020 ), diagnostic imaging (Erichsen et al, 2004 ; Henson et al, 2007 ; Meehan et al, 2009 ; Veraa et al, 2016 ; Zimmerman et al, 2011 , 2012 ), specific diseases of the vertebral column (Bergmann et al, 2018 ; Girodroux et al, 2009 ; Meehan et al, 2009 ), pathologic features (Jeffcott, 1980 ; Stubbs et al, 2010 ; VanderBroek et al, 2016 ) and different treatment modalities (Muñoz et al, 2019 ; Pfau et al, 2017 ) of the axial musculoskeletal system have started to trickle in only relatively recently, probably because of the availability of advanced diagnostic imaging modalities nowadays.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A comparative study of breed differences in the anatomical configuration of the equine vertebral column

et al. 2021

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The importance of the equine thoracolumbar vertebral column in orthopaedic disorders is well recognized and diagnostic imaging becomes more feasible, but little is known about variations in the anatomical configuration within breeds. In this descriptive post‐mortem study, anatomical variations in three widely differing breeds: Warmblood horses, Shetland ponies and semi‐feral Konik horses are described. The caudal cervical (C), thoracic (T), lumbar (L) and sacral (S) regions of the vertebral column of 30 Warmblood horses, 29 Shetland ponies and 18 Konik horses were examined using computed tomography and visualized by volume rendering. Homologous/morphologic variations in the caudal cervical area were frequently seen in Warmblood horses (43%), which was significantly more than in the other breeds (p < 0.001). The as standard described equine formula of 18 T, 6 L and 5 S vertebrae was seen in 78% of Konik horses, but only in 53% Warmblood horses and 38% Shetland ponies, which was significantly different (p < 0.05). Overall, Shetland ponies showed a higher tendency of thoracoization, lumbarization and more variations in the number of vertebrae and pairs of ribs. Ankylosed intertransverse joints (ITJs) between transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae were most common between the second last and last lumbar vertebra and prevalence was significantly higher in Shetland ponies (61%), than in Warmblood horses (38%) and Konik horses (7%) (p < 0.0001). Cranial to the second last lumbar vertebra there were fewer ITJs ankylosed (14%) in Warmblood horses (p < 0.0095), and this decrease in number of ankylosed ITJs was different compared to the change in ankylosed ITJs in Shetland ponies (p < 0.005). ITJs occurred asymmetrically in 15% (12/77) of the cases. A limitation of the study was that clinical data of the horses were only incompletely available, precluding any conclusions about the potential clinical implications of anatomical variations. Knowledge of variation in osseous anatomy of the equine thoracolumbar vertebral column is important for the interpretation of diagnostic imaging. To assess the functional importance and clinical relevance of this variation, follow‐up studies are necessary.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of breed differences in the anatomical configuration of the equine vertebral column

et al. 2021

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“…In a previous study using data from the same experiment, repeatability of ROM for back and pelvic angles, and for stride mean head swivel and body tracking, was investigated 26 . Repeatability was found to be good to fair for whole back and pelvic angles, but not as good for segment angles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Informed consent for the data collection was obtained from the horse owners prior to the study. Data from the same experiment have been used in two previous studies, investigating repeatability of vertical movement asymmetry parameters 25 and repeatability of ROM for back and pelvic angles 26 , respectively.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot

Byström

Hardeman

Bragança

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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Work on curved tracks, e.g. on circles, is commonplace within all forms of horse training. Horse movements in circles are naturally asymmetric, including the load distribution between inner and outer limbs. Within equestrian dressage the horse is expected to bend the back laterally to follow the circle, but this has never been studied scientifically. In the current study 12 horses were measured (optical motion capture, 100 Hz) trotting on left and right circles and on the straight without rider (soft surface). Data from markers placed along the spine indicated increased lateral bending to the inside (e.g. left bending on the left circle) of the thoracolumbar back (difference left circle vs. straight − 3.75°; right circle + 3.61°) and the neck (left − 5.23°; right + 4.80° vs. straight). Lateral bending ROM increased on the circle (+ 0.87° and + 0.62°). Individual variation in straight-circle differences was evident, but each horse was generally consistent over multiple trials. Differences in back movements between circle and straight were generally small and may or may not be visible, but accompanying changes in muscle activity and limb movements may add to the visual impression.

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Range of motion and between-measurement variation of spinal kinematics in sound horses at trot on the straight line and on the lunge

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

A comparative study of breed differences in the anatomical configuration of the equine vertebral column

A comparative study of breed differences in the anatomical configuration of the equine vertebral column

Differences in equine spinal kinematics between straight line and circle in trot

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