Radon 222 in drinking water resources of Iran: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment (Monte Carlo simulation)

Keramati, Hassan; Ghorbani, Raheb; Fakhri, Yadolah; Khaneghah, Amin Mousavi; Conti, Gea Oliveri; Ferrante, Margherita; Ghaderpoori, Mansour; Taghavi, Mahmoud; Baninameh, Zahra; Bay, Abotaleb; Golaki, Mohammad; Moradi, Bigard

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.042

Cited by 83 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for the exposed population was calculated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method (Eq. (1) ) [11] , [12] .

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Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dataset on non-carcinogenic risk via nitrate and nitrite in the groundwater of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan province, Iran: A potential concern for drinking

et al. 2018

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The presence of elevated nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) concentration in drinking water higher than the standard limits could endanger the health of consumers. For this data article, concentration of NO3- and NO2- was measured in 118 samples collected from 59 active rural wells in Divandarreh County and the non-carcinogenic risk in the adults and children was estimated by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). The obtained data showed that the average concentration of NO3- and NO2- was ranges from 31.37 ± 18.87 mg/L and 1.45 ± 0.90 mg/L respectively. Based on acquired data, NO3- concentrations were 37 times higher than NO2- with significant p value of < 0.05. The average concentration of NO3- and NO2- was lower than the national standard with p value < 0.05. However, the concentration of NO3- and NO2- in 23.7% and 13.5% of wells was higher than the national standard of Iran. Total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the adults and children was 1.78 and 1.54, respectively. Although, the average concentration of NO3- and NO2- in drinking water was lower than the national standard limits, but the non-carcinogenic risk assessment showed that the children and adults are at a significant risk via nitrate and nitrite in the rural Divandarreh County (TTHQ > 1).

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“…The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for the exposed population was calculated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method (Eq. (1) ) [11] , [12] .

…”

Section: Experimental Design Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dataset on non-carcinogenic risk via nitrate and nitrite in the groundwater of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan province, Iran: A potential concern for drinking

et al. 2018

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“…Health risk assessments could play a key role in health promotion and disease prevention both at an individual and a population level (Orlando and Wu, 2018). Human health risks are classified as non-carcinogenic (induced by non-carcinogens) risk and carcinogenic (induced by carcinogens) risk (Keramati et al, 2018;Miri et al, 2017). The chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) of single contaminant and the health risk index (HI) for numerous contaminants are key parameters that can be used for the quantification of health risks (Keramati et al, 2018).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Human health risks are classified as non-carcinogenic (induced by non-carcinogens) risk and carcinogenic (induced by carcinogens) risk (Keramati et al, 2018;Miri et al, 2017). The chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) of single contaminant and the health risk index (HI) for numerous contaminants are key parameters that can be used for the quantification of health risks (Keramati et al, 2018). In the current study, we quantified the non-carcinogenic risk as a result of nitrate intake in drinking water for three age groups, adults, children, and infants based on the non-carcinogenic hazard quotient model proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 2013).…”

Section: Human Health Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sources and health risk assessments of nitrate in groundwater, West of Tahta area, Sohag, Egypt

et al. 2020

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Due to natural and anthropogenic human activities in arid and semi-arid regions, groundwater will continuously suffer from severe contaminations such as increases in nitrate levels. Groundwater contamination poses serious threats to the environment and human health. In the current study, 23 groundwater samples were collected from the desert zone around the wastewater treatment plant west of Tahta area, Sohag, Egypt. The samples were chemically and bacteriologically analyzed to quantify the sources and potential risk of nitrate in groundwater to the health of adults, children and infants. The nitrate showed wide spatial variability in the studied area, with values going from 0.38 up to 59 mg/L. Based on the bacteriological, principal component, NO 3 and NO 3-/Clanalyses, nitrate in the southwestern parts around the wastewater treatment plant developed from the sewage contamination while the northeastern and southern parts are mainly due to contamination from the agricultural activities and organic wastes. The non-carcinogenic hazard quotients (HQ) values of 78% of infants, 70% children and 4% of adults were higher than the safety level (i.e., HQs>1), suggesting severe health effects on human health. Proper management of wastewater disposal activities and application of fertilizers are required to reduce groundwater contamination in Egypt and globally.

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“…The results obtained showed that the heavy metal concentrations were higher than the limits of the South Africa Target Water Quality (SATWQ) range and the WHO limits. (Keramati et al, 2018) performed a study to review conducted studies regarding the concentration of radon 222 in the tap drinking water by estimation of ingestion and inhalation effective dose and the health risk assessment in the adults and children was determined using Monte Carlo simulation. This study shows the effective ingestion dose of radon 222 in adults age groups was 1.35 times higher than in children.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiological health risk assessment of drinking water and soil dust from Gauteng and North West Provinces, in South Africa

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Dudu

Mathuthu

et al. 2020

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Long-lived natural radionuclides such as ( 238 U) uranium-238, ( 232 Th) thorium-232, ( 226 Ra) radium-226 and ( 40 K) potassium-40 and heavy metals are normally exposed to the surface during mining activities. They enter the human body when inhaled (as dust) or ingested (by drinking contaminated water). An intake of large concentrations of these radionuclides and heavy metals can lead to health effects such as development of cancers. The aim of this work was to assess the radiological health risk due to intake of radionuclides in dust and drinking water from the West Rand gold mining area and Modiri Molema Municipality (MMM) water treatment plant. The dust samples were analyzed for radionuclides of interest using the well-type high purity Germanium detector. Water samples were collected before and after purification from the Modiri Molema Municipality water treatment plant and analyzed using the ultra-low level Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC), to evaluate the gross alpha and beta radioactivity dose levels of the radionuclides in water. An Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to evaluate the heavy metal concentrations in the drinking water after purification at the treatment plant. The total inhalation effective dose obtained in this study was (2.71 Â 10 À1 and 1.31 Â 10 À1 ) μSv.y À1 for adults and infants respectively, which is below the prescribed dose range of 5-10 μSv.y À1 . The mean activity concentrations of the radionuclides in air dust were found to be; 226 Ra, (2.14 AE 0.82) Â 10 À6 (Bq.m À3 ), 238 U (6.08 AE 2.17) Â 10 À7 (Bq.m À3 ) and 232 Th (2.65 AE 1.1) Â 10 À7 (Bq.m À3 ). The activity concentration of 226 Ra obtained exceeded the world average by 2 times. The Ra eq , the external hazard (H ex ) and internal hazard (H in ) indices were calculated and the values obtained from soil were lower than the world average. However, the absorbed dose rate in air was higher than the world averages of 60 nGyh -1 . The minimum and maximum gross alpha activity obtained was 0.0041 (Bq.L À1 ) and 0.0053 (Bq.L À1 ) respectively, while the minimum and maximum gross beta activity obtained for water samples was 0.0083 (Bq.L À1 ) and 0.0105 (Bq.L À1 ) respectively. More heavy metals were detected in the first two stages of the water treatment than on the last two stages, nevertheless, their concentrations did not exceed recommended limits. The results for soil dust indicates that the windward areas might pose health risks for human population staying in the area and the activity concentration for drinking water indicate that the specific activity in the water supply after purification is below the WHO guideline limit of 0.5 (Bq.L À1 ) for gross alpha and 1 (Bq.L À1 ) for gross beta. The results obtained were also within the range of the South Africa Department of Water Affairs and Forestry target water quality limit of (0-1.38) (Bq.L À1 ) for gross beta activity. Heavy metals concentrations in drinking water did not exceed the stipulated limits by USEPA and DWAF. Therefore, this water after...

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Radon 222 in drinking water resources of Iran: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment (Monte Carlo simulation)

Cited by 83 publications

References 58 publications

Dataset on non-carcinogenic risk via nitrate and nitrite in the groundwater of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan province, Iran: A potential concern for drinking

Dataset on non-carcinogenic risk via nitrate and nitrite in the groundwater of Divandarreh County, Kurdistan province, Iran: A potential concern for drinking

Sources and health risk assessments of nitrate in groundwater, West of Tahta area, Sohag, Egypt

Radiological health risk assessment of drinking water and soil dust from Gauteng and North West Provinces, in South Africa

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