Radiological and chemical assessment of Uro and Kurun rock phosphates

Natural radioactivity and dose assessment for phosphate rocks from Wadi El-Mashash and El-Mahamid Mines, Egypt

“…These values are about 50.3%, 64.7% and 13.6% of the 1.0 mSv/y recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP-60, 1990) as the maximum annual dose to members of the public. Data on the annual effective dose to an average member of the public resulting from the extraction and processing of earth materials show that phosphate industries are dominating (Sam et al, 1999;Sam and Holm, 1995;Makweba and Holm, 1993;UNSCEAR, 1993).…”

Health and environmental impacts of a fertilizer plant – Part I: Assessment of radioactive pollution

“…Several studies on the subject indicate that the application of phosphate fertilizers to agricultural lands does not significantly affect the dose received from farmers and general population (e.g. Menzel, 1968;Ryan, 1981;Makweba and Holm, 1993;Santos et al, 1995;Sam et al, 1999). However, it is not yet known which long-term consequences might stem from the release of these small amounts of natural radioactivity.…”

“…Spalding and Sackett, 1972;Zielinski et al, 1997). Therefore, it is not possible to exclude that, over the long period, a prolonged use of fertilizers containing natural radionuclides might induce significant radiological impacts on the environment (Eisenbud and Gesell, 1997;Ioannides et al, 1997;Sam et al, 1999). Impacts clearly depend upon conditions of fertilizer addition and whilst not impacting on radiological dose they may impact through exceeding of other regulatory drivers.…”

Natural radioactivity and environmental risk assessment of Sokoto phosphate rock, Northwest Nigeria

“…Significant radiological investigations have been conducted on phosphate rocks and their products in different countries of the world, which has led to establishment of standards and regulations for the protection of man and his environment from the radiation effects that will arise due to the usage of the rock. Sam et al (1999) assessed the radiological and chemical constituents of Uro and Kurun rock phosphates from Sudan. Khater et al (2001), investigated the radiological impacts of natural radioactivity in Abu-Tartor phosphate deposits, Egypt.…”