This study was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of MRI-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of breast cancer. A total of three women diagnosed with invasive ductal breast cancer were treated with percutaneous MRI-guided RFA, according to a treat and resect protocol, in our hospital. RFA procedures were performed in an open 0.5T Signa-SP imager allowing direct patient access and realtime monitoring of the procedure. In all patients ablation was performed with a 15-gauge insulated MRI-compatible multiple needle probe. MRI thermometry and contrast-enhanced postablation MRI were used to evaluate the ablation process. Patients underwent lumpectomy within a week of the RFA procedure. Histopathology confirmed successful (100%) tumor ablation in one patient, and partial tumor destruction (33% and 50%, respectively) in two patients. Challenges of MRI-guided breast RFA that need to be solved to facilitate progress of the technique toward clinical practice are discussed. TECHNOLOGIC ADVANCES over the last decade have enabled investigations of minimally invasive ablation of primary breast malignancies (1,2). Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA), which was first reported for treatment of breast tumors in 1999, uses a multiplewire electrode to destroy tumor cells by thermal coagulation and protein denaturation (3-6). The experience with RFA in patients with breast carcinoma is still in the early stages of development. All previously reported studies assessing the accuracy of RFA of breast tumors used ultrasound (US) to guide the ablation probe (7-11). In general, these studies concluded that monitoring the ablation process utilizing real-time US was somewhat inaccurate, because the hyperechogenicity of the heated breast tissue and the ultrasonographic shadowing made it difficult to differentiate between ablated tissue and residual tumor (9,10).MRI may be a more suitable modality for targeted imaging of breast lesions during RFA (11). Of all imaging modalities, MRI has the highest accuracy for determining the size and extent of breast malignancies (12). Furthermore, MRI potentially allows real-time monitoring of the ablation process (13), which in turn has potential to provide intraprocedural assessment of the completeness of ablation, as well as whether any collateral structures are inadvertently heated. As a consequence, with open MRI systems currently commercially available, interest in MRI-guided tumor ablation techniques is growing. To our knowledge, MRI-guided RFA of malignant breast tumors has not been reported in humans. In this feasibility study, we present our initial experience in three patients and discuss the technical challenges of MRI-guided RFA of breast cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODSWe treated three female breast cancer patients (47, 45, and 60 years of age) with MRI-guided RFA in our hospital, according to a treat and resect protocol approved by our institution's human subjects panel. In all patients the tumor was primarily detected on conventional mammography and additional US as a solitary suspi...