Radiation production and absorption in human spacecraft shielding systems under high charge and energy Galactic Cosmic Rays: Material medium, shielding depth, and byproduct aspects

Recent Advances and Challenges in Polymer-Based Materials for Space Radiation Shielding

“…Al behaves worse than other materials, reaching a necessary mass that is two times higher than that of MDPE. Similar results were provided for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) investigated by Barthel et al [90] using HZETRN 2010. A comparison of slab and sphere models was obtained both for Al and HDPE, considering solar minimum conditions for a 500-day Mars mission.…”

“…They found that 40-80 g/cm 2 HDPE shows suitable shielding effectiveness against HZE ions simulating a human-manned mission if used as slab shells. In fact, the neutron flux generated from the interaction between GCR particles and Al (the main Similar results were provided for high-density polyethylene (HDPE) investigated by Barthel et al [90] using HZETRN 2010. A comparison of slab and sphere models was obtained both for Al and HDPE, considering solar minimum conditions for a 500-day Mars mission.…”

Consideration of Backscatter Radiation from Galactic Cosmic Rays in Spacecraft Shielding Design

“…It is also clear from our data that aluminum shielding cannot achieve this low of an exposure rate level in the 1 AU cislunar radiation environment, even at 50 g∕cm 2 (18.5 cm thick), and even then it would be too heavy to be practical for spacecraft construction, as the actual physical mass and thickness of a radiation shielding protocol is often a critical design constraint. Moreover, thicker aluminum shielding begins to produce sufficient secondary emissions so that the radiation exposure behind the shielding actually begins to increase with increasing thickness [23], and, as the data discussed in this paper indicates, the exposure level will also increase at interior points in a shielding protocol due to the backscatter effect.…”

Using multilayer polymer PI/Pb composites for protection against X-ray bremsstrahlung in outer space

“…Here, the Earth's magnetic field is unusually weak, and with it, the lower radiation belt appears closer to the surface. Second, the cosmonaut in space is threatened by galactic radiationa stream of charged particles from all directions and at great speedgenerated by supernova explosions or the activity of pulsars, quasars, and other anomalous stellar bodies [1,2].…”

“…1 are given for the situation when an aluminum screen is modifying the incoming radiation and the radiation is absorbed by human tissue inside the screen. Therefore, using substances with a large atomic number is avoided for structural materials in SC and, most often, aluminum and its alloys are used [14][15][16][17]. X-ray bremsstrahlung generated by the interaction of fast electrons with the aluminum body of the SC causes potential damage to the health of the crew inside the SC.…”