Radiation hazard caused by the Chernobyl accident in inhabited areas of Ukraine can be monitored by transgenic plants

Modulation of modeled microgravity on radiation-induced bystander effects in Arabidopsis thaliana

“…The HRF was calculated by counting recombination events (blue spots) in each plant separately, summing and relating these data to the number of plants in the population. HRF = X/N, where X is the number of recombination events in a plant population and N is the number of plants in a population [47]. Final data were the average of at least three independent experiments, and for each experiment over 30 plants were scored.…”

Homologous recombination in Arabidopsis seeds along the track of energetic carbon ions

“…The recombination frequencies were calculated by counting recombination events (blue spots) in each plant separately, summing and relating these data to the number of plants in the population. HRF = X/N, where HRF is the HR frequency, X is the number of recombination events in a plant population and N is the number of plants in a population [28]. Final data were the average of at least three independent experiments, and for each experiment over 30 plants were scored.…”

“…Hence, the induction of recombination is accepted as a cellular response not only to DSBs but to most kinds of DNA insults, and particularly suited as a broad indicator of mutagenicity [26]. The transgenic lines of model plant Arabidopsis carrying the substrates for the analysis of HRF have been frequently used for the detection of the mutagenic effects of the various environmental stresses, including IR, UVB, heavy metals, herbicides and formaldehyde [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. At the same time, Arabidopsis seed is very small in size, and one cm 3 of seeds contains about 4 × 10 4 seeds [33].…”

Abscopal mutagenic effect of low-energy-ions inArabidopsis Thalianaseeds

“…HR sectors were observed under a 15 ϫ dissecting microscope (322435, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Th e HRF was calculated according to previous protocols (Kovalchuk et al 1999). Final data were the average of three independent experiments, and for each experiment over 30 plants were scored.…”