Racial differences in energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in premenopausal women

Hunter, Gary R.; Weinsier, Roland L.; Darnell, Betty E.; Zuckerman, Paul A.; Goran, Michael I.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.2.500

Cited by 89 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…However, these ethnic differences were largely attributed to differences in PAEE, and not as a result of lower REE, as previously reported in studies from the United States (Albu et al, 1997;Foster et al, 1997;Carpenter et al, 1998;Hunter et al, 2000;Weinsier et al, 2000Weinsier et al, , 2002Lovejoy et al, 2001;Sharp et al, 2002). In the present study, total PAEE was on average 25% lower in the black as compared to white women, largely due to between-group differences in the weight-bearing stepping exercise, where white obese women accumulated a significantly greater PAEE (11%) than black women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Studies (Albu et al, 1997;Carpenter et al, 1998;Hunter et al, 2000;Lovejoy et al, 2001;Sharp et al, 2002;Weinsier et al, 2002) have reported lower resting energy expenditure (REE) in obese and reduced obese African American (AA) women compared to their white counterparts (Foster et al, 1997;Weinsier et al, 2000). This difference in REE persists even after adjusting for differences in fat-free mass (FFM) (Foster et al, 1999), and is thought to contribute to the higher obesity prevalence found in the AA compared to the white population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total daily energy expenditure in black and white, lean and obese South African women

et al. 2008

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Background/Objectives: In South Africa (SA), the prevalence of obesity in women is 56%, with black women being most at risk (62%). Studies in the United States have demonstrated ethnic differences in resting (REE) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) between African American (AA) and their white counterparts. We investigated whether differences in EE exist in black and white SA women, explaining, in part, the ethnic obesity prevalence differences. Subjects/Methods: We measured REE, TDEE and physical activity EE (PAEE) in lean (BMI o25 kg m À2 ) and obese (BMI 430 kg m À2 ) SA women (N ¼ 44, 30±6 year). REE, TDEE, PAEE and total awake EE were measured during a 21 h stay in a respiration chamber. Results: Black and white subjects within obese and lean groups were not significantly different for age, mass, BMI and % body fat. However, fat-free mass (kg FFM) was consistently lower in the black women (Po0.01) in both weight groups. After adjusting EE measurements for differences in FFM, REE was not significantly different for either body weight or ethnicity, although 24 h TDEE (kJ) was significantly greater in the obese women (Po0.01) and white women (Po0.05). Total awake non-PAEE was not significantly different for either groups, while total awake time was only significantly lower for the lean groups (Po0.01). Total PAEE (kJ min À1 ) was significantly lower in the lean (Po0.001) and black groups (Po0.01). Conclusions: In this sample of matched, lean and obese, black and white SA women, differences in TDEE were largely explained by ethnic differences in PAEE, and were not as a result of ethnic differences in REE.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total daily energy expenditure in black and white, lean and obese South African women

et al. 2008

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“…The results have been consistent across a number of studies, in children, 12 adolescent girls, 13 young overweight women, 31 Black male middle distance runners, 14 and premenopausal women. 15 Bassett and Howley 32 have outlined four factors that limit maximum oxygen uptake: (1) pulmonary diffusing capacity; (2) maximum cardiac output; (3) oxygen carrying capacity of the blood; and (4) skeletal muscle characteristics. Pivarnik et al 13 have previously shown that venous hemoglobin levels are lower in Black than White adolescent girls, and we 33 have shown the same difference in Black vs White premenopausal women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have previously shown that differences in VO 2 max between Black and White women persist even after adjusting for differences in free-living physical activity. 15 The implication is that differences in aerobic capacity between Black and White subjects are independent of differences in physical activity. If this is the case, it becomes more likely that racial differences in physical activity are mediated by differences in aerobic fitness and the difficulty of being physically active.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12,13 Black male middle distance runners have also been shown to have lower aerobic capacity than White male middle distance runners, 14 and we have recently shown that premenopausal Black sedentary women have lower aerobic capacity than premenopausal White sedentary women. 15 In addition, Black male middle distance runners use less energy while running 14 and the Black premenopausal women use less energy while performing a battery of common exercise tasks such as walking at 3 mph, climbing stairs, and bicycling. 16 It is unknown whether these racial differences in response to an exercise task may contribute to differences in free-living activity-related energy expenditure (AEE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aerobic fitness, physiologic difficulty and physical activity in Black and White women

et al. 2004

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PURPOSE:The purpose of this work was to determine if racial differences in maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2 max) and difficulty in doing submaximum (sub) exercise tasks contribute to activity-related energy expenditure (AEE) and activity-related time equivalent (ARTE) index, an index of time spent in physical activity. METHODS: Subjects were 35 Black and 39 White sedentary premenopausal women group matched for age, weight and body composition. Percent fat was determined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, AEE by doubly labeled water and sleeping energy expenditure, ARTE index by AEE and energy cost above sleeping for five exercise tasks, and VO 2 max by a graded exercise test. Subexercise oxygen uptake was measured during walking at 3 mph on the flat and up a 2.5% grade, climbing stairs, and riding a bike ergometer at 50 W. Difficulty of exercise was assessed during the subexercise and taken as heart rate, ventilation, and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and expressed as a % of the individual's maximum. RESULTS: VO 2 max was related to AEE (r ¼ 0.29, Po0.04) and to ARTE index (r ¼ 0.37, Po0.01). All three difficulty measures were related to AEE (r ¼ À0.35 to À0.42, P-valueso0.02) and the ARTE index (r ¼ À0.49 to À0.52, all P-valueso0.01), with the exception of RPE with ARTE (r ¼ À0.27, P ¼ 0.10). Compared to Black women, White women had significantly higher VO 2 max (12%), AEE (45%) and ARTE (50%), and significantly less physiologic difficulty of performing the subexercise tasks: heart rate (5%), ventilation (13%), and RPE (8%). Significant racial differences in AEE and ARTE disappeared after adjusting for any of the three difficulty measures. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that more participation in free-living physical activity is related to greater VO 2 max and less difficulty in being active. In addition, lower levels of physical activity found in Black women may be partially explained by lower VO 2 max and increased difficulty of engaging in physical activities.

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Cardiovascular factors explain genetic background differences in VO₂max

Roy

Hunter

Fernández

et al. 2006

American J Hum Biol

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The purpose of this study was to further explore factors that may be related to ethnic differences in the maximum rate at which an individual can consume oxygen (VO2max) between 20 African American (AA) and 30 European American (EA) sedentary women who were matched for body weight (kg) and fat-free mass (FFM). VO2max (l/min) was determined during a graded treadmill exercise test. Submaximal steady-state heart rate and submaximal VO2 were determined at a treadmill speed of 1.3 m/sec and a 2.5% grade. Hemoglobin (Hb) was determined by the cyanide method, muscle oxidative capacity by 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ADP time constant), and FFM (kg) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Genetic classification was self-reported, and in a subset of the sample (N = 32), the determinants of ethnicity were measured by African genetic admixture. AA women had significantly reduced VO2max, Hb levels, and muscle oxidative capacity (longer ADP time constants, P < or = 0.05) than EA women. Submaximal oxygen pulse (O2Psubmax), ADP time constant, Hb, and ethnic background were all significantly related to VO2max (ml/kg/min and ml/kg FFM/min, all P < or = 0.01). By multiple regression modeling, Hb, O2Psubmax, muscle oxidative capacity, and ethnicity were found to explain 61% and 57% of the variance of VO2max in ml/kg/min and ml/kg FFM/min, respectively. Muscle oxidative capacity and O2Psubmax were both significantly and independently related to VO2max in all three models (P < or = 0.05), whereas Hb and ethnicity were not. These results suggest that mitochondrial muscle oxidative capacity and oxygen delivery capabilities, as determined by O2Psubmax, account for most if not all of the ethnic differences in VO2max.

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Racial differences in energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in premenopausal women

Cited by 89 publications

References 27 publications

Total daily energy expenditure in black and white, lean and obese South African women

Total daily energy expenditure in black and white, lean and obese South African women

Aerobic fitness, physiologic difficulty and physical activity in Black and White women

Cardiovascular factors explain genetic background differences in VO₂max

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Racial differences in energy expenditure and aerobic fitness in premenopausal women

Cited by 89 publications

References 27 publications

Total daily energy expenditure in black and white, lean and obese South African women

Total daily energy expenditure in black and white, lean and obese South African women

Aerobic fitness, physiologic difficulty and physical activity in Black and White women

Cardiovascular factors explain genetic background differences in VO2max

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Cardiovascular factors explain genetic background differences in VO₂max