“…The challenges faced by these mothers also contribute to high rates of involvement with CPS as well (Genty, 1995;Greene et al, 2000;Raeder, 2006). Judges may deem mothers with a high number of children, those who fail to fulfill their parental obligations, and those with histories of involvement with child welfare, as deserving of more severe punishment than their counterparts in light of violating societal expectations of motherhood, on top of involvement in crime (Bickle & Peterson, 1991;Brennan, 2009;Daly, 1987b;Freiburger, 2011;Kruttschnitt, 2010;Pierce & Freiburger, 2011;Robbins, Martin, & Surratt, 2009).…”