Rabies control in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

LeRoux, Kelly; Stewart, D. F.; Perrett, Keith; Nel, Louis Hendrik; Kessels, J A; Abela-Ridder, Bernadette

doi:10.2471/blt.17.194886

Cited by 30 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…After abstract and full-text review, 16 studies were eligible for inclusion. Eight described V-S programmes [23,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and eight V programmes [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44] (Fig 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another confounding factor affecting impact measurements both within and across studies was the concurrent use of other components (Table 3). Education and community awareness were common components of both types of intervention [30][31][32]35,[40][41][42][43]. V-S programmes were more likely to have provision for free or subsidised veterinary care [30,31,33,35].…”

Section: Intervention Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating the role of surgical sterilisation in canine rabies control: A systematic review of impact and outcomes

Collinson

Bennett

Dean³

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Current recommendations for the elimination of canine-mediated human rabies focus on mass dog vaccination as the most feasible and cost-effective strategy. However, attempts to control rabies are often combined with canine surgical sterilisation programmes. The added value of sterilisation is widely debated. A systematic review was undertaken to compare the outcomes and impact of vaccination and sterilisation programmes with vaccination only programmes. A systematic search of three electronic databases (CAB Abstracts, Medline and Global Health) and grey literature was performed. From 8696 abstracts found, 5554 unique studies were identified, and 16 studies met the inclusion criteria. Eight described vaccination only programmes and eight described vaccination and sterilisation programmes. Indicators of impact measured were dog bites and/or doses of post-exposure prophylaxis administered; numbers of dog and/or human rabies cases; dog population demographic changes; changes in health and welfare of dogs, and indicators related to human behaviour change. The studies were contextually very diverse, programmes being implemented were complex, and there was variation in measurement and reporting of key indicators. Therefore, it was difficult to compare the two types of intervention, and impossible to make an evaluation of the role of sterilisation, using this evidence. Given the large number of vaccination and sterilisation programmes conducted globally, the lack of studies available for review highlights a gap in data collection or reporting, essential for impact assessment. There are several knowledge gaps concerning the impact of the sterilisation component alone, as well as subsequent effects on rabies transmission and control. Prospective studies comparing the outcomes and impact of the two interventions would be required in order to establish any additional contribution of sterilisation, as well as the underlying mechanisms driving any changes. In the absence of such evidence, the priority for rabies control objectives should be implementation of mass vaccination, as currently recommended by the World Health Organisation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intervention Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the role of surgical sterilisation in canine rabies control: A systematic review of impact and outcomes

Collinson

Bennett

Dean³

et al. 2020

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…Assuming an ownerless free-roaming dog population of 10%, immunisation of approximately 78% of the owned dog population would achieve at least 70% vaccination coverage. However, baseline data on the owned dog population size is required for adequate human resource mobilisation and procurement of vaccine stocks [ 63 , 64 ]. Unfortunately owned dog populations may be much larger than those reported by officials records [ 17 ] and an underestimation of the population could result in a low vaccination coverage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately owned dog populations may be much larger than those reported by officials records [ 17 ] and an underestimation of the population could result in a low vaccination coverage. It is important to evaluate the success of vaccination campaigns by conducting post-vaccination studies to estimate the vaccination coverage [ 64 , 37 , 36 ] and to monitor the occurrence of rabies in dogs and humans [ 63 , 65 ]. Understanding rabies epidemiology in a locality could facilitate targeted vaccination of dogs in areas with the highest rabies transmission rates [ 63 , 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to evaluate the success of vaccination campaigns by conducting post-vaccination studies to estimate the vaccination coverage [ 64 , 37 , 36 ] and to monitor the occurrence of rabies in dogs and humans [ 63 , 65 ]. Understanding rabies epidemiology in a locality could facilitate targeted vaccination of dogs in areas with the highest rabies transmission rates [ 63 , 65 ]. In addition, targeted vaccination of high risk populations could reduce rabies transmission to adjust areas through incursions of rabid dogs [ 65 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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System dynamics modelling approach to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage in Africa

Chidumayo

2018

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundDogs are important reservoirs of rabies, a zoonotic viral encephalitis that kills thousands of people in Asia and Africa annually. Mass dog vaccination is recommended for the prevention of rabies in both humans and dogs. Mass vaccinations should be conducted annually but more frequent campaigns may be required in areas with high dog turnover rates. Consequently, a good understanding of dog demography is essential for the control of the disease. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage following a mass vaccination campaign with at least 70% vaccination coverage.Methodology/Principal findingsA dog population model was constructed to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage decline. Important model parameters were identified through a comprehensive literature search on dog demography in Africa. A system dynamics approach was adopted to build a dog population model to simulate the effects of demographic processes on rabies vaccination coverage. Vensim PLE Plus software was used to construct the model. Multivariate sensitivity simulations using data from 22 studies and 12 African countries were performed to investigate the effect of dog turnover rates on vaccination coverage decline. In addition, an adjusted vaccination coverage to estimate the proportion of vaccinated dogs with adequate immunity at 12 months post-vaccination was calculated. The results demonstrated that the vaccination coverage and adjusted vaccination coverage remained over 30% and 20% respectively at 12 months if annual mass vaccinations achieved at least 70% coverage.Conclusions/SignificanceThe results demonstrated that annual mass vaccination campaigns with at least 70% vaccination coverage would maintain a herd immunity of 20‒45% between campaigns.

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One Health responses to prevent the occurrence of rabies due to attacks by a rabid stray dog

Wei

Yang

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background:The number of human rabies cases caused by pet dogs in Guangzhou has been decreasing after years of comprehensive interventions. Consequently, attacks by stray dogs become a major issue in rabies control.Objectives: To share our experience of successfully dealing with rabies to provide some inspiration for prevention and control in countries and regions affected by it.Methods: A multidisciplinary One Health response was initiated to control this outbreak. Rabies virus was detected by PCR in the brain tissue of the associated stray dog.The sequences were aligned with reference sequences downloaded from GenBank using ClustalX. The maximum likelihood method implemented in MEGA 5.0 software package was used in a phylogenetic analysis of the aligned sequences.Results: Twelve patients with exposure to the stray dog were identified in the field investigation. Rabies vaccines and immunoglobulin were administered to all patients within 48 h. After 1 year of follow-up, no exposed patients showed symptoms. Maximum likelihood analysis of the nucleotide sequences obtained from the PCR products indicated that the rabies virus in the dog was closely related to isolates from neighbouring provinces of Guangdong as well as those from surrounding countries of China.Conclusions: Multidisciplinary One Health intervention is effective not only in the control of rabies but also in rapid emergency responses to attacks by rabid stray dogs. K E Y W O R D Shealth policy, infectious diseases, One Health, public health, rabies BACKGROUNDRabies is caused by infection from a lyssavirus, which is a threat to humans and animals (Depani et al., 2012). All mammals are susceptible to rabies virus and may become a source of human infection.

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Rabies control in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluating the role of surgical sterilisation in canine rabies control: A systematic review of impact and outcomes

Evaluating the role of surgical sterilisation in canine rabies control: A systematic review of impact and outcomes

System dynamics modelling approach to explore the effect of dog demography on rabies vaccination coverage in Africa

One Health responses to prevent the occurrence of rabies due to attacks by a rabid stray dog

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