Quantitative response to photoperiod and weak coupling between seasonal morphs and diapause regulation in the Asian comma butterfly, Polygonia c-aureum (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Abstract

http://www.eje.cz kasuji & Kimura, 1984; Plaistow et al., 2005). Similarly, the connection between pupal seasonal polyphenism and pupal or adult diapause is not rigid or incomplete in the black swallowtail butterfl y Papilio polyxenes Fabricius (Hazel & West, 1983; Sims, 2007), the comma butterfl y Polygonia c-album (L.) (Voigt, 1991), and the leafminer Lyonetia prunifoliella malinella (Matsumura) (Sekita, 2002). However, there are species in which there is a close relationship and both seasonal form and diapause are expressed in the same imaginal stage, for example, in the lacewings Chrysopa carnea (Stephens) (Tauber & Tauber, 1970), C. congrua (Walker) (Winterton, 1999), and C. sp. (Canard, 2005), as well as the rape bug Eurydema oleracea (L.) (Fasulati, 1979), stink bug Plautia crossota stali Scott (Kotaki & Yagi, 1987; Kotaki, 1998a, b), brown stink bug Euschis