“…Before it will be possible to implement direct measurements of BC on a larger scale, it is worth looking for alternative solutions that will enable faster estimation of the level of eBC in the air in cities. Being aware of the errors in assessing one variable on the basis of others, such an approach is part of the indirect estimation trend (Ke, Khanna and Zhou, 2022), which is carried out not only in the case of air (Barandica et al, 2014;Suganuma et al, 2019) Matos et al, 2019;Chrobak et al, 2021;Sahu, Mohanta and Kumar, 2022).…”