Quantifying the Relationship Between Multiple Immunological Parameters and Host Resistance: Probing the Limits of Reductionism

Keil, Deborah E.; Luebke, Robert W.; Pruett, Stephen B.

doi:10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4543

Cited by 90 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…This reductionist approach, taken in most of the studies conducted, fails to bring to light the impact of the interventions on overall host resistance. A decreased NKCA function does not necessarily mean an increased susceptibility to infection if, for instance, it is counterbalanced by an increased number of neutrophils (Keil et al, 2001). A validated mathematical model (Keil et al, 1999) should be used to estimate and predict the relationship between multiple immunological parameters and host resistance.…”

Section: Reviewers' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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Background: Heavy exercise induces marked immunodepression that is multifactorial in origin. Nutrition can modulate normal immune function. Objective: To assess the efficacy of nutritional supplements in exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes. Design: Systematic review. Review methods: Randomised and/or controlled trials of athletes undertaking nutritional supplements to minimise the immunodepression after exercise were retrieved. The primary outcome measure was incidence of upper respiratory tract (URT) illness symptoms after exercise, and secondary outcomes included cortisol, cell counts, plasma cytokine concentration, cell proliferative response, oxidative burst, natural killer cell activity and immunoglobulins. When data were available for a pooled estimate of the effect of intervention, meta-analyses were conducted for direct comparisons. Results: Forty-five studies were included (1603 subjects). The studies were heterogeneous in terms of exercise interventions, selection of athletes, settings and outcomes. The overall methodological quality of most of the trials was poor. Twenty studies addressed carbohydrate supplementation, eight glutamine, 13 vitamin C and four others interventions. Three trials assessed the effect of intervention on prevention of URT infections. The pooled rate ratio for URT infections after vitamin C supplementation against placebo was 0.49 (0.34-0.71). Carbohydrate supplementation attenuated the increase in cortisol and neutrophils after exercise; vitamin C attenuated the decrease in lymphocytes after exercise. No other interventions had significant or consistent effect on any of the studied outcomes. Conclusions: Although the prevention of URT infections by vitamin C was supported by two trials, further studies are needed. The available evidence failed to support a role for other nutritional supplements in preventing exercise-induced immune suppression. Larger trials with clinically relevant and uniform end points are necessary to clarify the role of these nutritional interventions.

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Section: Reviewers' Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2006

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“…The two broad systems of innate immunity (a rapid, non-specific system) and acquired immunity (involving recognition of and responses to specific pathogens) each break down into a vast array of different subcomponents (see Figure 1 for a basic schematic summary, and Muehlenbein and Bribiescas, 2005, for further description). These different subcomponents, however, are often not correlated with each other across individuals (see Adamo, 2004, for a review), and reductions in activity within one component of the immune system may be associated with increased activity in another component (e.g., Keil, Luebke, and Pruett, 2001). Indeed, some aspects of the immune system, such as the Th-1 and Th-2 morphs of helper T lymphocytes, are mutually antagonistic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male Facial Masculinity as a Cue to Health Outcomes

et al. 2013

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Evolutionary theories of human attraction draw heavily upon nonhuman literature, and currently the Immunocompetence Handicap Hypothesis dominates research into female attraction to male facial masculinity. Although some studies have shown links between masculinity and some measures of health, other data have failed to support the Immunocompetence Hypothesis as applied to human face preferences. Here we summarize that literature and present new data regarding links between masculinity and multiple measures of health condition in human males. Undergraduate males were photographed and their faces were assessed for sexual dimorphism using multiple methods and rated for apparent healthiness and attractiveness. Participants also reported recent health experiences both prior to being photographed and then again 10 weeks later. Although both attractiveness and rated health were associated with better actual health in the past and future (mainly indexed by lower antibiotic use), results were mixed for masculinity. With respect to respiratory illnesses, facial masculinity (assessed using morphometric techniques) was associated with better past health but with worse future health. Possible reasons for the complex and inconsistent findings are discussed and some potentially fruitful avenues of future research are outlined.

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“…And, as there is no effective way to predict the impact of small or moderate changes on host resistance in multiple immunological parameters, an increase or decrease of one or a limited number of parameters does not reflect the influence of a pollutant on the complex immune response involved in resistance to infections or cancer. The interactions between different immune mechanisms, a possible overreaction of the immune system, or the compensation of a suppressed immune function by another cannot be discovered in this way (Zelikoff et al, 1995;Keil et al, 1999Keil et al, , 2001.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of immune functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—how can environmental influences be detected?

et al. 2002

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In fish, the first line of defense against infectious microorganisms is based on a broad range of nonspecific humoral and cellular immune mechanisms ('innate immunity') which without prior specific activation can act in forming a more static barrier (Fish Shellfish Immunol. 10 (2000) 243; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25 (2001) 827). This natural resistance is normally effective enough to protect fish from infectious diseases until specific immune responses are being induced ( Fig. 1; Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25 (2001) 841). Healthy fish exhibit both nonspecific and specific immune responses depending directly on environmental temperature. Pollution of the natural aquatic environment with industrial or agricultural sewage is an important immunosuppressing factor resulting in higher susceptibility to infectious diseases. To date, the possible immunotoxicity of a substance is evaluated using quantification of humoral factors like lysozyme, complement, C-reactive protein or total immunoglobulins but less often using functional assays. Furthermore, most of the functional assays (phagocytosis, respiratory burst, proliferative response) are based on the measurement of the response of resting but not of specific activated immune cells. However, the physiological responses of the immune system to an infection are based on a complex, stepwise activation and proliferation, especially of the specific immune functions after first contact to the microorganisms. In this report we describe in vitro methods for the evaluation of cellular immune functions of different leukocyte populations after specific in vivo triggering of the immune system. Parameters to be evaluated are activation and proliferation of leukocyte populations, phagocytosis and respiratory burst, secretion of antigen-specific antibodies and specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, challenge models with bacterial (Aeromonas salmonicida) and viral pathogens (Viral Haemorrhagic Septicemia Virus, VHSV) are presented.

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Quantifying the Relationship Between Multiple Immunological Parameters and Host Resistance: Probing the Limits of Reductionism

Cited by 90 publications

References 59 publications

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Nutritional modulation of exercise-induced immunodepression in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Male Facial Masculinity as a Cue to Health Outcomes

Evaluation of immune functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—how can environmental influences be detected?

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