Quantifying the carbon footprint of religious tourism: the case of Hajj

Hanandeh, Ali El

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.009

Cited by 99 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Fifth, in order to increase its capacity for visitors, Makkah has recently seen a tremendous expansion, reconstruction and infrastructure development, especially at the area of the Grand Mosque. Sixth, many industrial activities have started in the Makkah area, including textiles, furniture, utensils, corrugated iron manufacturing, copper smiths, carpentry shops, upholstering establishments, vegetable oil extraction plants, sweets manufactures, flour mills, bakeries, poultry farms, ice factories and bottling plants for soft drinks . For these different reasons, the determination of the air pollution level in Makkah is of great interest, and it could be the essential first step for better air quality control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More studies on the air pollutants in Saudi Arabia are available, but still less than in many other countries. The studies in Makkah were focused on the central area of the city close to the Grand mosque, the holy rites places such as Mina and Arafat, the tunnels of the city . These studies showed that the air pollution concentrations in the atmosphere are exceeding the standards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sixth, many industrial activities have started in the Makkah area, including textiles, furniture, utensils, corrugated iron manufacturing, copper smiths, carpentry shops, upholstering establishments, vegetable oil extraction plants, sweets manufactures, flour mills, bakeries, poultry farms, ice factories and bottling plants for soft drinks. [3,4] For these different reasons, the determination of the air pollution level in Makkah is of great interest, and it could be the essential first step for better air quality control. The area of the Grand Mosque is of special interest since it has a lower elevation than most of the city which probably influences the pollution distribution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

2017

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Makkah city, Saudi Arabia, represents the most attractive place for religious tourism for Muslims all over the world. More than 15 million visitors come to the city per year, especially during Hajj (pilgrimage) and Ramadan seasons. Due to the lack of air quality assessment data for Makkah, measurement of different pollutants in Makkah is of great interest. In the present work, airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter equal to or less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) has been collected from two different sites in the city, namely the Grand mosque and Al‐Shraie, from December 2012 to January 2014 covering the different seasons of the year. The average mass concentrations at the sites are comparable, 48 ± 28 µg/m3 and 53 ± 27 µg/m3 for the Grand mosque and Al‐Shraie sites, respectively. For quantitative elemental analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry was used. Twenty elements (Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Se, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb) were quantified in the PM2.5 samples. Fortunately, the obtained results of Pb and S are below the maximum allowance level of European commission for air quality. However, the average concentration of Ni in both sites is close to the maximum allowance level 20 ng/m3 and the Ni concentration reaches 25 ng/m3 at Grand mosque site during August 2013. Based on the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis, four source factors were found, some signalling mixed sources, showing the main influence from mineral dust, anthropogenic/industrial sources and a marine source. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

2017

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“…For example, a daily foreign tourist carbon footprint for southwestern England is 196 kg of CO 2-eq [63]. Hanandeh [72] indicated that on average, each Hajj religious tourist contributes 60.5 kg of CO 2-eq per day. The inbound tourist carbon footprint of Iceland is 1.1-3.2 t of CO 2-eq , and the average is 1.35 t of CO 2-eq [23].…”

Section: Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progress and Prospects for Tourism Footprint Research

Wang

Yi-yuan

et al. 2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:The tourism footprint family comprises the tourism ecological footprint (TEF), the tourism carbon footprint (TCF) and the tourism water footprint (TWF). The tourism footprint represents an important tool for quantitatively assessing the impact of tourism activities on the ecosystem of a tourist destination. This paper systematically reviews the relevant literature on TEF, TCF and TWF, analyses and summarizes the main progress and failures in the analytical frameworks, research methods, measurement results, environmental impacts and reductions in the tourism footprint. This paper also proposes areas for further developing the tourism footprint research, including unifying the analytical frameworks and boundaries of the tourism footprint, distinguishing the geographical scope of the tourism footprint effectively, improving the process of analyzing the environmental impact of the tourism footprint, measuring the tourism footprint scientifically and roundly, performing space-time calculations of the tourism footprint, and expanding the tourism footprint family by introducing new members. Accordingly, this paper is devoted to the continued study of the tourism footprint.

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“…TSP is a hopeful form of tourism development based on culture and Buddhism, particularly in Nong Khai and in Thailand in general. Religious tourism is a form of tourism where people travel to visit places of religious significance (Hanandeh, 2013) and cultural significance of destinations (Egreri et al, 2012). Supporting tourism to religious sites not only provides new experiences to tourists (especially international tourists) through interacting with local society but also improves the quality of local life through economic benefit (Rotherham, 2007).…”

Section: Guidelines To Design Tsp Based On the One In Nong Khai Provimentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing a Temple Stay Program Based on the One in Nong Khai Province, Thailand

Maneenetr¹,

Tran²

2014

ASS

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The aims of this research are to study 1) tourists' opinions and demands for Temple Stay Program (TSP) based on the one in Nong Khai province, Thailand and 2) guidelines to design TSP based on the one in Nong Khai province, Thailand. The Mix method was applied and for the quantitative method, 400 questionnaires were collected and the data was analyzed using mean, standard deviation and Chi-square tests. For the qualitative data, a focus group discussion was organized. The participants included monks, academics, tourism entrepreneurs, involved public organizations and local philosophers who proposed guidelines to design TSP based on the one in Nong Khai province, Thailand.The results showed that most of the tourists approved of the TSP in Nong Khai province, which has religious activities in tourism to enhance awareness of Thai religious values. Tourists' demands for TSP similar to the one in Nong Khai province, Thailand are at a high level. Guidelines to design TSP based on the one in Nong Khai province, Thailand include 1) establishing an official center of information for TSP in Nong Khai province 2) planning diversity for TSP packages 3) creating diverse and meaningful activities for TSP 4) establishing a training course on local handicrafts or local food for tourists, and 5) expanding roles of monks as guides in Buddhist cultural and local tradition activities.

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Quantifying the carbon footprint of religious tourism: the case of Hajj

Cited by 99 publications

References 21 publications

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Progress and Prospects for Tourism Footprint Research

Designing a Temple Stay Program Based on the One in Nong Khai Province, Thailand

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Quantifying the carbon footprint of religious tourism: the case of Hajj

Cited by 99 publications

References 21 publications

Identification of elemental composition of PM2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Identification of elemental composition of PM2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Progress and Prospects for Tourism Footprint Research

Designing a Temple Stay Program Based on the One in Nong Khai Province, Thailand

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF

Identification of elemental composition of PM_2.5collected in Makkah, Saudi Arabia, using EDXRF