Quantifying Forest Litter Fuel Moisture Content with Terrestrial Laser Scanning

Abstract

Electromagnetic radiation at 1550 nm is highly absorbed by water and offers a novel way to collect fuel moisture data, along with 3D structures of wildland fuels/vegetation, using lidar. Two terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) units (FARO s350 (phase shift, PS) and RIEGL vz-2000 (time of flight, TOF)) were assessed in a series of laboratory experiments to determine if lidar can be used to estimate the moisture content of dead forest litter. Samples consisted of two control materials, the angle and position of which could be manipulated (pine boards and cheesecloth), and four single-species forest litter types (Douglas-fir needles, ponderosa pine needles, longleaf pine needles, and southern red oak leaves). Sixteen sample trays of each material were soaked overnight, then allowed to air dry with scanning taking place at 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 12 h, and then in 12 h increments until the samples reached equilibrium moisture content with the ambient relative humidity. The samples were then oven-dried for a final scanning and weighing. The spectral reflectance values of each material were also recorded over the same drying intervals using a field spectrometer. There was a strong correlation between the intensity and standard deviation of intensity per sample tray and the moisture content of the dead leaf litter. A multiple linear regression model with a break at 100% gravimetric moisture content produced the best model with R2 values as high as 0.97. This strong relationship was observed with both the TOF and PS lidar units. At fuel moisture contents greater than 100% gravimetric water content, the correlation between the pulse intensity values recorded by both scanners and the fuel moisture content was the strongest. The relationship deteriorated with distance, with the TOF scanner maintaining a stronger relationship at distance than the PS scanner. Our results demonstrate that lidar can be used to detect and quantify fuel moisture across a range of forest litter types. Based on our findings, lidar may be used to quantify fuel moisture levels in near real-time and could be used to create spatial maps of wildland fuel moisture content.

Delineating and Reconstructing 3D Forest Fuel Components and Volumes with Terrestrial Laser Scanning

“…One notable constraint of TLS is the limited spectral information from laser returns, meaning that most TLS use is based on geometric information. However, an experiment using two TLS devices with different wavelengths demonstrated significant accuracy (r 2 = 0.97) in explaining the fuel moisture content using pulse intensity and its standard deviation in a multiple linear regression model [50].…”

Modification and Comparison of Methods for Predicting the Moisture Content of Dead Fuel on the Surface of Quercus mongolica and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica under Rainfall Conditions

“…It has been widely used in fire risk assessment [3]. The moisture content of fine dead fuels on the surface is sensitive to changes in meteorological factors and the microclimate caused by forest structure [4]. It is an important indicator of forest fire risk level and a key parameter affecting changes in fire behavior [5,6].…”

Measuring Forest Canopy Water Mass in Three Dimensions Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning

“…Furthermore, estimating vegetation water status metrics from optical remote sensing data ignores the vertical heterogeneity in canopy biochemical and biophysical traits, caused by the different illumination conditions of leaves along the canopy foliage-height profile, although such heterogeneity determines how light scatters within canopy (Gara et al, 2018;Parker et al, 2001). Recent attempts to overcome this limitation involved the use of multi-wavelength Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) to retrieve canopy water status metrics in three dimensions (Batchelor et al, 2023;Elsherif et al, 2019;Junttila et al, 2019). However, such attempts have been thus far limited to estimating area-based metrics such as EWT.…”