Quantification of reactivated landslide behaviour using acoustic emission monitoring

Dixon, Neil; Spriggs, M.P.; Smith, Alister; Meldrum, Philip; Haslam, Edward

doi:10.1007/s10346-014-0491-z

Cited by 71 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Several of the relatively new techniques are being actively developed by members of COST TU1202: the British Geological Survey has been developing ERT for earthworks moisture monitoring (e.g. Chambers et al 2014;Gunn et al 2015), and Loughborough University, UK, has been developing and is now starting to commercialize an acoustic system for monitoring slope displacement rates (called ALARMS; Dixon et al 2014;Smith et al 2014aSmith et al , 2017. Both of these systems show considerable promise: ERT as a means of imaging moisture changes in earthworks, and ALARMS as a low-cost warning system for slope movement.…”

Section: New Measurement Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and future role of instrumentation and monitoring in the performance of transport infrastructure slopes

Smethurst

Smith

Uhlemann

et al. 2017

QJEGH

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Section: New Measurement Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and future role of instrumentation and monitoring in the performance of transport infrastructure slopes

Smethurst

Smith

Uhlemann

et al. 2017

QJEGH

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“…A band pass filter attenuated signals outside of the 20 to 30 kHz range to eliminate low-frequency background noise (<20 kHz) and to keep the monitored range consistent with that used in slope monitoring field trials using active waveguides (e.g. Smith et al, 2014a;Smith et al, 2014b;Dixon et al, 2015a;Dixon et al, 2015b;Smith, 2015). Amplification of 70 dB was used to improve the signal to noise ratio.…”

Section: Ae Measurement Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generated AE rates are proportional to applied displacement rates, where the coefficient of proportionality Smith et al Monitoring Buried Pipe Deformation Using AE: Quantification of Attenuation 17/08/2016 3 is dependent on the depth to the shear surface and the distance AE propagates along the waveguide to the ground surface where it is measured. Quantifying this magnitude of attenuation for each installation is essential to deriving slope displacement rates from measured AE rates, which can be used to warn users of accelerating slope deformation behaviour to enable evacuation of vulnerable people and timely repair and maintenance of critical infrastructure (Koerner et al, 1981;Nakajima et al, 1991;Smith et al, 2014a;Smith et al, 2014b;Dixon et al, 2015a;Dixon et al, 2015b;Smith, 2015;Smith & Dixon, 2015;Smith et al, 2016).[Insert Figure 1 here] Developments in AE monitoring of pipe networks (e.g. Alleyne & Cawley, 1992;Alleyne & Cawley, 1997) for the detection and location of defects (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring buried pipe deformation using acoustic emission: quantification of attenuation

Smith

Dixon

Fowmes

2016

International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering

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Deformation of soil bodies and soil-structure systems generates acoustic emission (AE), which are high-frequency stress waves. Listening to this AE by coupling sensors to structural elements can provide information on asset condition and early warning of accelerating deformation behaviour. There is a need for experimentation to model the propagation of AE in buried pipe systems to enhance understanding of real behaviour. Analytical solutions are often based on many assumptions (e.g. homogeneity, isotropy, boundary conditions and material properties) and cannot exactly represent the behaviour of the in situ system. This paper details a series of experiments conducted on buried pipes to investigate AE attenuation in pipes due to couplings and soil surround. The attenuation coefficients reported provide guidance to engineers for designing sensor spacing along buried pipes for monitoring ground deformations, and active waveguide installation depths for slope deformation monitoring. Attenuation coefficients have been quantified for both air-pipe-air and air-pipe-soil tri-layer systems for the frequency range of 20 to 30 kHz.Keywords: acoustic emission; attenuation; buried pipes; deformation; field instrumentation; landslides; monitoring; non-destructive testing; slopes IntroductionAcoustic emission (AE) monitoring of slopes uses active waveguides (Figure 1), which are installed in boreholes, or retrofitted inside existing inclinometer or standpipe casings. They are installed to intersect existing or anticipated shear surfaces beneath the slope, and they comprise the composite system of a steel tube, connected in lengths using screw threaded couplings, with a granular backfill surround (i.e. a type of buried pipe). As the host slope deforms, the active waveguide deforms, and this causes particle-particle and particle-waveguide interactions to take place, which generate the AE. The predominant zone of AE generation is at the shear surface. Generated AE rates are proportional to applied displacement rates, where the coefficient of proportionality Smith et al. Monitoring Buried Pipe Deformation Using AE: Quantification of Attenuation 17/08/2016 3 is dependent on the depth to the shear surface and the distance AE propagates along the waveguide to the ground surface where it is measured. Quantifying this magnitude of attenuation for each installation is essential to deriving slope displacement rates from measured AE rates, which can be used to warn users of accelerating slope deformation behaviour to enable evacuation of vulnerable people and timely repair and maintenance of critical infrastructure (Koerner et al., 1981;Nakajima et al., 1991;Smith et al., 2014a;Smith et al., 2014b;Dixon et al., 2015a;Dixon et al., 2015b;Smith, 2015;Smith & Dixon, 2015;Smith et al., 2016).[Insert Figure 1 here] Developments in AE monitoring of pipe networks (e.g. Alleyne & Cawley, 1992;Alleyne & Cawley, 1997) for the detection and location of defects (e.g. Lowe et al., 1998) and leaks (e.g. Mostafapour & Davoudi, 2013;Anastasopoulos et a...

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“…Beard, 1961;Cadman and Goodman, 1967;Chichibu et al, 1989;Dixon et al, 2003Dixon et al, , 2014aDixon et al, , 2014bFujiwara et al, 1999;Naemura et al, 1991;Nakajima et al, 1991;Rouse et al, 1991;Smith et al, 2014aSmith et al, , 2014b. Fine-grained soils generate relatively low-energy AE signals, which attenuate significantly over short distances.…”

Section: Ae Monitoring Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dixon et al, 2014b); natural landslides in north-east England (e.g. Dixon et al, 2014a;Smith et al, 2014a); a highway infrastructure slope in Alberta, Canada (e.g. Smith et al, 2014b); a rail infrastructure slope in Austria; and a rock slope in the eastern Italian Alps, which poses a risk to highway infrastructure (e.g.…”

Section: Ongoing Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability monitoring of a rail slope using acoustic emission

Dixon¹,

Meldrum²,

Smith³

et al. 2015

Proceedings of the ICE - Geotechnical Engineering

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The paper details the use of acoustic emission generated by active waveguide subsurface instrumentation to monitor the stability of a rail soil cutting slope failure. Operation of the active waveguide, unitary battery-operated acoustic emission sensor and warning communication system are described. Previous field trials reported by the authors demonstrate that acoustic emission rates generated by active waveguides are proportional to the velocity of slope movement, and can therefore be used to detect changes in rates of movement in response to destabilising and stabilising effects, such as rainfall and remediation, respectively. The paper presents a field trial of the acoustic emission monitoring system at a reactivated rail-cutting slope failure at Players Crescent, Totton, Southampton, UK.The results of the monitoring are compared with both periodic and continuous deformation measurements. The study demonstrated that acoustic emission monitoring can provide continuous information on displacement rates, with high temporal resolution. The ability of the monitoring system to detect slope movements and disseminate warnings by way of text messages is presented. The monitoring approach is shown to provide real-time information that could be used by operators to make decisions on traffic safety.

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Quantification of reactivated landslide behaviour using acoustic emission monitoring

Cited by 71 publications

References 21 publications

Current and future role of instrumentation and monitoring in the performance of transport infrastructure slopes

Current and future role of instrumentation and monitoring in the performance of transport infrastructure slopes

Monitoring buried pipe deformation using acoustic emission: quantification of attenuation

Stability monitoring of a rail slope using acoustic emission

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