Quantification of magnetic force microscopy images using combined electrostatic and magnetostatic imaging

Gomez, R. D.; Pak, A. O.; Anderson, A. J.; Burke, E. R.; Leyendecker, A.J.; Mayergoyz, I.D.

doi:10.1063/1.367638

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…24 The coercivities for all tips given in Table I are slightly smaller as compared to H c ϭ400 Oe, which is the typical number for MESP-type MFM tips, as quoted by Digital Instruments. 25 The values of the remanent magnetization M r in Table I range from 400 to 800 emu/cm 3 , which well agrees with what has been found in the earlier work of Gomez et al 26 for typical CoCr coatings of MFM tips. Note that the magnetic properties (M r ,M s ,H c ) of CoCr coatings for all tips of group A in Table I are very similar, whereas values may differ considerably when comparing the results for tips taken from different wafers ͑compare, e.g., tip C1 with tip A3 in Table I͒.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Magnetization reversal and coercivity of magnetic-force microscopy tips

Carl¹,

Lohau²,

Kirsch³

et al. 2001

Journal of Applied Physics

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An experimental technique is presented that allows determining the magnetization reversal and coercivity of magnetic-force microscopy (MFM) tips. An Ω-shaped current carrying gold ring with a radius of 2400 nm fabricated by electron-beam lithography and a lift-off technique is charged with a constant current in order to produce a magnetic stray field in the z direction that is detected by MFM. While an oscillating MFM tip is continuously raster scanned across the center of the current ring, an external magnetic field is applied in the z direction and increased in magnitude in order to reverse the tip magnetization during imaging. Thus, the corresponding changes in the measured image contrast exclusively describe the magnetization reversal and coercivity of the particular part of the tip that is used for imaging. We have investigated commercially available thin-film tips and we find that the hysteresis loops measured with MFM may be significantly different as compared to hysteresis loops measured by means of superconducting quantum interference magnetometry on the respective magnetic tip coatings of the same tip.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 87%

Magnetization reversal and coercivity of magnetic-force microscopy tips

Carl¹,

Lohau²,

Kirsch³

et al. 2001

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…If the theoretical value for maghemite is assumed for m s , 66 the approximated value of A ≈1 x 10 −35 m 5 deg is obtained, in good agreement with our experimental data. We would explicitly note that the overestimation of A is expected as nonmagnetic (e.g, electrostatic) effects give a not negligible contribution to the MFM signal roughly as high as 40% of the total MFM signal which with the present experimental setup we are not able to reduce, as detailed in Materials and Methods section 69 - 71 . It is worth mentioning that, if the experimental values of m s observed for magnetoferritin are assumed, 66 A ≈6 x 10 −37 m 5 deg is calculated which is significantly lower than the value we experimentally determined.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Therefore, we performed our experiments without the permanent magnet as the tip was capable of magnetizing the MNPs involved in this work. As a final consideration on the experimental setup used in this work, we should discuss the effect of nonmagnetic tip-sample interactions on MFM 69 . To this aim, we performed preliminary tests using nonmagnetic Cu NPs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic force microscopy

et al. 2014

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Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) is an atomic force microscopy (AFM) based technique in which an AFM tip with a magnetic coating is used to probe local magnetic fields with the typical AFM spatial resolution, thus allowing one to acquire images reflecting the local magnetic properties of the samples at the nanoscale. Being a well established tool for the characterization of magnetic recording media, superconductors and magnetic nanomaterials, MFM is finding constantly increasing application in the study of magnetic properties of materials and systems of biological and biomedical interest. After reviewing these latter applications, three case studies are presented in which MFM is used to characterize: (i) magnetoferritin synthesized using apoferritin as molecular reactor; (ii) magnetic nanoparticles loaded niosomes to be used as nanocarriers for drug delivery; (iii) leukemic cells labeled using folic acid-coated core-shell superparamagnetic nanoparticles in order to exploit the presence of folate receptors on the cell membrane surface. In these examples, MFM data are quantitatively analyzed evidencing the limits of the simple analytical models currently used. Provided that suitable models are used to simulate the MFM response, MFM can be used to evaluate the magnetic momentum of the core of magnetoferritin, the iron entrapment efficiency in single vesicles, or the uptake of magnetic nanoparticles into cells.

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“…Gomez et al . [51] demonstrated a method that yielded a quantitative value of the magnetic moment of the tip using a combination of electrostatic and magnetic forces between the tip and a current -carrying conductor.…”

Section: Calibration Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Magnetic Force Microscopy

Agarwal

2009

Nanotechnologies for the Life Sciences

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15 IntroductionThe aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the magnetic force microscopy ( MFM ) technique and its application for the characterization of magnetic nanoparticle s ( MNP s). The chapter also serves as a user ' s guide to MFM, without unnecessary repetition of previously published information, and without excessive mathematical detail. The reader is introduced to physical principals of MFM, the properties of MFM probes, probe calibration, methods of MFM detection, and application of MFM for MNPs. The goal is not to provide a detailed overview of MFM and hardware design, as several excellent texts (cited in the references) are available for this purpose. Rather, the special considerations and challenges required for MFM studies of MNPs, especially in biological samples, are highlighted. The chapter concludes with some details of the recent developments and future trends in MFM of MNPs for the life sciences. Development of MFMUnderstanding the nature of magnetism at the nanometer -length scale is of interest from a fundamental perspective, as well as for the development of next generation of MNPs for the life sciences. The study of MNPs involves special challenges since, below a critical dimension, the competition between magnetostatic energy and exchange energy is predicted to suppress magnetic domain formation, leading to single -domain structures. These single -domain MNPs not only possess low magnetization values, as compared to bulk material, but may also have lower coercivity or a superparamagnetic character at temperatures conducive to living systems. Thus, specialized techniques are needed to understand and characterize the magnetic nature of MNPs.

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Quantification of magnetic force microscopy images using combined electrostatic and magnetostatic imaging

Cited by 28 publications

References 8 publications

Magnetization reversal and coercivity of magnetic-force microscopy tips

Magnetization reversal and coercivity of magnetic-force microscopy tips

Magnetic force microscopy

Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Magnetic Force Microscopy

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