Qualitative and Quantitative Assessment of Overarm Throwing in Children With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder

Abstract

Background: Children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) frequently have difficulties performing gross motor skills such as the overarm throw. Our study examines the differences in both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of overarm throwing for accuracy between typically developing (TD) and children with DCD. Methods: A total of 74 children (36 females/38 males) aged between 7 and 11 years, participated in this study. The authors used the Movement Assessment Battery for Children—second edition to assess motor impairment. In total, 37 (50%) met the criteria for DCD. Each participant completed 10 overarm throws for accuracy at a target. The authors assessed movement quality using the component approach (Roberton & Halverson, 1984) and quantity using target accuracy. Results: The analyses revealed significantly lower throwing accuracy in DCD versus TD children. Children with DCD also demonstrated fewer component combinations and lower developmental levels than their TD peers. Finally, product scores tracked with process scores. Discussion: Both qualitative and quantitative measures clearly showed that children with DCD are at a disadvantage in controlling a ball during overarm throwing. They used stability profiles that limited coordination variability. TD participants performed more combinations of higher developmental levels to achieve more accurate throws, suggesting they controlled variability to optimize the accuracy of their throws.

Examining Single Session Peer-Teaching Instructional Approaches on Pre-Service Physical Education Teachers’ Throwing Techniques

“…We found that males had more advanced throwing technique than females initially and throughout the study, irrespective of their group membership. As such, our hypothesis that males would throw with more advanced technique than females was supported, a finding that is consistent with prior studies that examined gender differences in throwing both quantitatively (e.g., throwing velocity and distance) and qualitatively (Gromeier et al, 2017;Johnson et al, 2020;Lorson et al, 2013;Schott & Getchell, 2021). On average, males have been found to throw with more accuracy, velocity, and advanced technique than females at all ages.…”

Do We Drop the Ball When We Measure Ball Skills Using Standardized Motor Performance Tests?

“…As skill learning progresses, this will result in greater flexibility in the way children move their limbs to successfully accomplish a task. Such adaptability allows skilled performers to execute a task in different initial conditions and changing environmental constraints [48].…”