Pyrogens fail to produce fever in the snakes Psammophis phillipsii and Lamprophis fuliginosus

Immune activation influences the trade-off between thermoregulation and shelter use

“…Our second hypothesis was that immune activation affects the thermoregulationeshelter use trade-off. We predicted that animals normally prioritize shelter use over thermoregulation (sensu Mabille & Berteaux, 2014) but that this prioritization is reduced during an immune challenge due to the strong effects of immune activation on thermoregulation (Almeida et al, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001;MacDonald et al, 2012;Merchant et al, 2008;Payette & McGaw, 2003;reviewed in ;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see ; Zurovsky et al, 1987). The results of our study will give insight into how an important environmental factor (immune activation by pathogens) influences the trade-off between two widespread behaviours (thermoregulation and shelter use).…”

“…the type and dosage amount of pyrogen and the timing of measurement: Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b) must be considered when determining its presence or absence. Although immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour and shelter preference (Joop & Rolff, 2004;Lefcort & Eiger, 1993), experiments examining fever typically do not include shelter (Burns et al, 1996;Cich on, Chadzi nska, Ksią _ zek, & Konarzewski, 2002;Don et al, 1994;Ortega et al, 1991;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Shelter is important for a plethora of behavioural processes, such as competition (Fero & Moore, 2014;Kintzing & Butler, 2014) and oviposition site selection (Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a), and thus, it may be similarly important for behavioural fever.…”

“…Although fever is demonstrated by many animals (e.g. reviewed in: Kluger, 1986;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b), some species exhibit a hypothermic response to an immune activation or even no response at all, including several reptile species (Burns et al, 1996;Don, Estany, Ramos, Leoni, & Muchlinski, 1994;Laburn, Mitchell, Kenedi, & Louw, 1981;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Fever is a complex response, and several factors (e.g.…”

“…During immune activation, many animals putatively shift their T b to create an undesirable thermal environment for pathogens (Bicego, Barros, & Branco, 2007;Kluger, 1986). This shift in T b often presents as fever (increase in T b ), such as in crayfish (Payette & McGaw, 2003), insects (reviewed in Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see Ballabeni, Benway, & Jaenike, 1995), mice (MacDonald, Begg, Weisinger, & Kent, 2012) and reptiles (Merchant, Fleury, Rutherford, & Paulissen, 2008; but see ; Zurovsky, Brain, Laburn, & Mitchell, 1987), but immune activation can have hypothermic effects on animals (Almeida, Steiner, Branco, & Romanovsky, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001). Immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour (e.g.…”

Immune activation influences the trade-off between thermoregulation and shelter use

“…Our second hypothesis was that immune activation affects the thermoregulationeshelter use trade-off. We predicted that animals normally prioritize shelter use over thermoregulation (sensu Mabille & Berteaux, 2014) but that this prioritization is reduced during an immune challenge due to the strong effects of immune activation on thermoregulation (Almeida et al, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001;MacDonald et al, 2012;Merchant et al, 2008;Payette & McGaw, 2003;reviewed in ;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see ; Zurovsky et al, 1987). The results of our study will give insight into how an important environmental factor (immune activation by pathogens) influences the trade-off between two widespread behaviours (thermoregulation and shelter use).…”

“…the type and dosage amount of pyrogen and the timing of measurement: Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b) must be considered when determining its presence or absence. Although immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour and shelter preference (Joop & Rolff, 2004;Lefcort & Eiger, 1993), experiments examining fever typically do not include shelter (Burns et al, 1996;Cich on, Chadzi nska, Ksią _ zek, & Konarzewski, 2002;Don et al, 1994;Ortega et al, 1991;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Shelter is important for a plethora of behavioural processes, such as competition (Fero & Moore, 2014;Kintzing & Butler, 2014) and oviposition site selection (Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a), and thus, it may be similarly important for behavioural fever.…”

“…Although fever is demonstrated by many animals (e.g. reviewed in: Kluger, 1986;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b), some species exhibit a hypothermic response to an immune activation or even no response at all, including several reptile species (Burns et al, 1996;Don, Estany, Ramos, Leoni, & Muchlinski, 1994;Laburn, Mitchell, Kenedi, & Louw, 1981;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Fever is a complex response, and several factors (e.g.…”

“…During immune activation, many animals putatively shift their T b to create an undesirable thermal environment for pathogens (Bicego, Barros, & Branco, 2007;Kluger, 1986). This shift in T b often presents as fever (increase in T b ), such as in crayfish (Payette & McGaw, 2003), insects (reviewed in Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see Ballabeni, Benway, & Jaenike, 1995), mice (MacDonald, Begg, Weisinger, & Kent, 2012) and reptiles (Merchant, Fleury, Rutherford, & Paulissen, 2008; but see ; Zurovsky, Brain, Laburn, & Mitchell, 1987), but immune activation can have hypothermic effects on animals (Almeida, Steiner, Branco, & Romanovsky, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001). Immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour (e.g.…”

Simultaneously Occurring Elevated Metabolic States Expose Constraints in Maximal Levels of Oxygen Consumption in the Oviparous SnakeLamprophis fuliginosus

“…The preferred body temperature for L. fuliginosus has previously been determined to be 25° ± 0.1°C (Zurovsky et al 1987; Lutterschmidt et al 2002; Lutterschmidt and Hutchison. Therefore, all gas exchange experiments were carried out in a large walk-in environmental chamber maintained at 25° ± 1°C.…”

Immune activation influences the trade-off between thermoregulation and shelter use

“…Our second hypothesis was that immune activation affects the thermoregulationeshelter use trade-off. We predicted that animals normally prioritize shelter use over thermoregulation (sensu Mabille & Berteaux, 2014) but that this prioritization is reduced during an immune challenge due to the strong effects of immune activation on thermoregulation (Almeida et al, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001;MacDonald et al, 2012;Merchant et al, 2008;Payette & McGaw, 2003;reviewed in ;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see ; Zurovsky et al, 1987). The results of our study will give insight into how an important environmental factor (immune activation by pathogens) influences the trade-off between two widespread behaviours (thermoregulation and shelter use).…”

“…the type and dosage amount of pyrogen and the timing of measurement: Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b) must be considered when determining its presence or absence. Although immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour and shelter preference (Joop & Rolff, 2004;Lefcort & Eiger, 1993), experiments examining fever typically do not include shelter (Burns et al, 1996;Cich on, Chadzi nska, Ksią _ zek, & Konarzewski, 2002;Don et al, 1994;Ortega et al, 1991;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Shelter is important for a plethora of behavioural processes, such as competition (Fero & Moore, 2014;Kintzing & Butler, 2014) and oviposition site selection (Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a), and thus, it may be similarly important for behavioural fever.…”

“…Although fever is demonstrated by many animals (e.g. reviewed in: Kluger, 1986;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b), some species exhibit a hypothermic response to an immune activation or even no response at all, including several reptile species (Burns et al, 1996;Don, Estany, Ramos, Leoni, & Muchlinski, 1994;Laburn, Mitchell, Kenedi, & Louw, 1981;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Fever is a complex response, and several factors (e.g.…”

“…During immune activation, many animals putatively shift their T b to create an undesirable thermal environment for pathogens (Bicego, Barros, & Branco, 2007;Kluger, 1986). This shift in T b often presents as fever (increase in T b ), such as in crayfish (Payette & McGaw, 2003), insects (reviewed in Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see Ballabeni, Benway, & Jaenike, 1995), mice (MacDonald, Begg, Weisinger, & Kent, 2012) and reptiles (Merchant, Fleury, Rutherford, & Paulissen, 2008; but see ; Zurovsky, Brain, Laburn, & Mitchell, 1987), but immune activation can have hypothermic effects on animals (Almeida, Steiner, Branco, & Romanovsky, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001). Immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour (e.g.…”

Simultaneously Occurring Elevated Metabolic States Expose Constraints in Maximal Levels of Oxygen Consumption in the Oviparous SnakeLamprophis fuliginosus

“…The preferred body temperature for L. fuliginosus has previously been determined to be 25° ± 0.1°C (Zurovsky et al 1987; Lutterschmidt et al 2002; Lutterschmidt and Hutchison. Therefore, all gas exchange experiments were carried out in a large walk-in environmental chamber maintained at 25° ± 1°C.…”

Immune activation influences the trade-off between thermoregulation and shelter use

“…Our second hypothesis was that immune activation affects the thermoregulationeshelter use trade-off. We predicted that animals normally prioritize shelter use over thermoregulation (sensu Mabille & Berteaux, 2014) but that this prioritization is reduced during an immune challenge due to the strong effects of immune activation on thermoregulation (Almeida et al, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001;MacDonald et al, 2012;Merchant et al, 2008;Payette & McGaw, 2003;reviewed in ;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see ; Zurovsky et al, 1987). The results of our study will give insight into how an important environmental factor (immune activation by pathogens) influences the trade-off between two widespread behaviours (thermoregulation and shelter use).…”

“…the type and dosage amount of pyrogen and the timing of measurement: Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b) must be considered when determining its presence or absence. Although immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour and shelter preference (Joop & Rolff, 2004;Lefcort & Eiger, 1993), experiments examining fever typically do not include shelter (Burns et al, 1996;Cich on, Chadzi nska, Ksią _ zek, & Konarzewski, 2002;Don et al, 1994;Ortega et al, 1991;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Shelter is important for a plethora of behavioural processes, such as competition (Fero & Moore, 2014;Kintzing & Butler, 2014) and oviposition site selection (Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013a), and thus, it may be similarly important for behavioural fever.…”

“…Although fever is demonstrated by many animals (e.g. reviewed in: Kluger, 1986;Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b), some species exhibit a hypothermic response to an immune activation or even no response at all, including several reptile species (Burns et al, 1996;Don, Estany, Ramos, Leoni, & Muchlinski, 1994;Laburn, Mitchell, Kenedi, & Louw, 1981;Zurovsky et al, 1987). Fever is a complex response, and several factors (e.g.…”

“…During immune activation, many animals putatively shift their T b to create an undesirable thermal environment for pathogens (Bicego, Barros, & Branco, 2007;Kluger, 1986). This shift in T b often presents as fever (increase in T b ), such as in crayfish (Payette & McGaw, 2003), insects (reviewed in Stahlschmidt & Adamo, 2013b; but see Ballabeni, Benway, & Jaenike, 1995), mice (MacDonald, Begg, Weisinger, & Kent, 2012) and reptiles (Merchant, Fleury, Rutherford, & Paulissen, 2008; but see ; Zurovsky, Brain, Laburn, & Mitchell, 1987), but immune activation can have hypothermic effects on animals (Almeida, Steiner, Branco, & Romanovsky, 2006;Deen & Hutchison, 2001). Immune activation can also influence predator avoidance behaviour (e.g.…”

Simultaneously Occurring Elevated Metabolic States Expose Constraints in Maximal Levels of Oxygen Consumption in the Oviparous SnakeLamprophis fuliginosus

“…The preferred body temperature for L. fuliginosus has previously been determined to be 25° ± 0.1°C (Zurovsky et al 1987; Lutterschmidt et al 2002; Lutterschmidt and Hutchison. Therefore, all gas exchange experiments were carried out in a large walk-in environmental chamber maintained at 25° ± 1°C.…”