Pyriproxyfen Resistance of <I>Bemisia tabaci</I> (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Biotype B: Metabolic Mechanism

Abstract

Juvenile hormone (JH) analog insecticides are relatively nontoxic to vertebrates and provide efficient control of key arthropod pests. One JH analog, pyriproxyfen, has provided over a decade of exceptional management of whiteflies in cotton of the southwestern United States. Thwarting resistance to pyriproxyfen in Bemisia tabaci (Gannadius) (a.k.a. Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) has been the focus of an integrated resistance management program because this insecticide was first registered for use in Arizona cotton in 1996. Resistance levels have increased slowly in field populations in recent years but have not demonstrably affected field performance of pyriproxyfen. Resistant strains have been isolated and studied in the laboratory to determine the mechanism of resistance and identify optimal strategies for controlling resistant whiteflies. Synergism bioassays showed that resistance in a laboratory-selected strain QC02-R, was partially suppressible with piperonyl butoxid (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) but not with S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF). Consistent with the synergism bioassay results, enzymatic assays revealed that the enzyme activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) but not esterases were significantly higher in the pyriproxyfen-resistant QC02-R strain than in the susceptible strain. These results indicate that both P450 and GST are involved in whitefly resistance to pyriproxyfen.

Suscetibilidade de adultos de Bemisia tabaci biótipo B a inseticidas

“…Vale destacar ainda que já existem relatos de populações de B. tabaci resistentes a praticamente todas as moléculas empregadas para o seu controle, incluindo o piriproxifem (Ma et al, 2010) e o diafentiurom (Shadmany et al, 2014) e inseticidas do grupo dos neonicotinoides (Silva et al, 2009) e organofosforados (Alon et al, 2008). Há relatos ainda de resistência cruzada de B. tabaci a neonicotinoides e à pimetrozina (Gorman et al, 2010).…”

“…Há relatos ainda de resistência cruzada de B. tabaci a neonicotinoides e à pimetrozina (Gorman et al, 2010). Muitos desses estudos atribuem a resistência a alterações nas enzimas citocromo P450 (Gorman et al, 2010;Ma et al, 2010) e glutationa S-transferase (Ma et al, 2010).…”

Mechanism, stability and fitness cost of resistance to pyriproxyfen in the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

“…Therefore, it may serve as a promising agent to be used in integrated pest management of different insect pests of public health importance including M. domestica [16]. However, pyriproxyfen resistance has been reported in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) [17][18][19][20] and M. domestica from different parts of the world [21][22][23].…”

“…The microsomal oxidases, hydrolases, and glutathione S-transferases are major enzyme families involved in metabolic detoxification of insecticides [25]. Metabolic detoxification was known to be involved in pyriproxyfen resistance in B. tabaci [17,18] and M. domestica [26]. Furthermore, the mechanism of resistance also depends upon the particular insect species in question, as well as the geographical origin of the species [27].…”

Monitoring resistance of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) to new chemical insecticides in Punjab, Pakistan

“…Previously, resistance to insect growth regulators have been reported in a variety of insect pests, e.g. B. tabaci (Crowder et al, 2008;Ma et al, 2010), M. domestica (Bell et al, 2010;Tang et al, 2002), P. xylostella (Cao and Han, 2013;Sun et al, 2012) and S. litura Rehan and Freed, 2014;Shad et al, 2012). The variability in resistance could be due to different selection pressure on each population and different resistance mechanisms among the populations resulting in either a delay or an increased rate of resistance development (Silva et al, 2011).…”