Purification of high-salinity wastewater by activated sludge process

Dalmacija, Božo; Karlovic, E.; Tamas, Zagorka; Mišković, D.

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(95)00170-0

Cited by 54 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Besides that, inorganic salts can affect the structure and settling properties of microbial flocs as well as the maximum solubility of oxygen and its transfer to the liquid phase, which can lead to oxygen limitation. Consequently, high salt concentrations have a negative influence on existing biological wastewater treatment plants, affecting organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal (17). So far, most studies on chemical oxygen demand (COD), N, and P removal from saline wastewaters have shown that inhibition takes places when salt concentrations exceed 1% (wt/vol) (50,63,68).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Elevated Salt Concentrations on the Aerobic Granular Sludge Process: Linking Microbial Activity with Microbial Community Structure

Bassin

Pronk

Muyzer

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

168

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The long-and short-term effects of salt on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal processes were studied in an aerobic granular sludge reactor. The microbial community structure was investigated by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) on 16S rRNA and amoA genes. PCR products obtained from genomic DNA and from rRNA after reverse transcription were compared to determine the presence of bacteria as well as the metabolically active fraction of bacteria. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to validate the PCR-based results and to quantify the dominant bacterial populations. The results demonstrated that ammonium removal efficiency was not affected by salt concentrations up to 33 g/liter NaCl. Conversely, a high accumulation of nitrite was observed above 22 g/liter NaCl, which coincided with the disappearance of Nitrospira sp. Phosphorus removal was severely affected by gradual salt increase. No P release or uptake was observed at steady-state operation at 33 g/liter NaCl, exactly when the polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs), "Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis" bacteria, were no longer detected by PCR-DGGE or FISH. Batch experiments confirmed that P removal still could occur at 30 g/liter NaCl, but the long exposure of the biomass to this salinity level was detrimental for PAOs, which were outcompeted by glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs) in the bioreactor. GAOs became the dominant microorganisms at increasing salt concentrations, especially at 33 g/liter NaCl. In the comparative analysis of the diversity (DNA-derived pattern) and the activity (cDNA-derived pattern) of the microbial population, the highly metabolically active microorganisms were observed to be those related to ammonia (Nitrosomonas sp.) and phosphate removal ("Candidatus Accumulibacter").Numerous wastewaters, like those generated in seafood canning, pickling, and cheese-processing industries, can contain significant amounts of inorganic dissolved salts (14). The use of seawater for toilet flushing in ships, offshore installations, and regions with problems related to water supply also introduces salts into freshwater. Wastewaters with a high salt content require the activity of salt-tolerant microorganisms which may not be present in high numbers in microbial inocula from sewage treatment plants. Salt ions exert high osmotic pressure on the microorganisms, and most of the freshwater-based microbial populations are unable to survive at these high osmotic pressures and either die or become dormant under these conditions (40). Besides that, inorganic salts can affect the structure and settling properties of microbial flocs as well as the maximum solubility of oxygen and its transfer to the liquid phase, which can lead to oxygen limitation. Consequently, high salt concentrations have a negative influence on existing biological wastewater treatment plants, affecting organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus removal (17). So far, most studies on chemical oxygen demand (COD), N, and P removal from saline wastewa...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Elevated Salt Concentrations on the Aerobic Granular Sludge Process: Linking Microbial Activity with Microbial Community Structure

Bassin

Pronk

Muyzer

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

168

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“…The biofilm on the PAC consists of immobilized (Dalmacija et al, 1996) and acclimatized bacteria ) that can also partly bioregenerate the saturated BAC (Schloz and Martin, 1997). In addition, the bacteria in the PAC biofilm can enhance overall pollutant removal Mochidzuki and Takeuchi, 1999).…”

Section: Methods For Reducing Foulingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although direct biological treatment of briny produced water can be challenging, many of the organic contaminants in produced water are amenable to biological treatment. Indeed, several researchers have recently developed biological treatment systems that can treat high salinity waters containing dissolved organics (Bakx et al, 2000;Dalmacija et al, 1996;Scholz et al, 2005;Tellez et al, 2005). The objective of this phase of the research was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a MBR system to pretreat produced water to a level sufficient for subsequent treatment in a reverse osmosis system.…”

Section: Membrane Bioreactor Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers achieved 92% removal of COD with a 12-hr HRT (Hydraulic Retention Time) and 20-day SRT in produced water containing 34,110 mg/L TDS. Dalmacija et al (1996) increased the performance of an activated sludge system by adding powdered activated carbon (PAC) and diluting the oil-field brine wastewater with river water.…”

Section: Biological Treatment Of Produced Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long Term Field Development of a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System for Treatment of Produced Waters for Power Generation

Katz¹,

Kinney²,

Bowman³

et al. 2007

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iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe main goal of this research was to investigate the feasibility of using a combined physicochemical/biological treatment system to remove the organic constituents present in saline produced water. In order to meet this objective, a physical/chemical adsorption process was developed and two separate biological treatment techniques were investigated. Two previous research projects focused on the development of the surfactant modified zeolite adsorption process (DE-AC26-99BC15221) and development of a vapor phase biofilter (VPB) to treat the regeneration off-gas from the surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) adsorption system (DE-FC26-02NT15461). In this research, the SMZ/VPB was modified to more effectivtly attenuate peak loads and to maintain stable biodegradation of the BTEX constituents from the produced water. Specifically, a load equalization system was incorporated into the regeneration flow stream. In addition, a membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was tested for its ability to simultaneously remove the aromatic hydrocarbon and carboxylate components from produced water. The specific objectives related to these efforts included the following:(1) Optimize the performance VPBs treating the transient loading expected during SMZ regeneration.■ Evaluate the impact of biofilter operating parameters on process performance under stable operating conditions. ■ Investigate how transient loads affect biofilter performance, and identify an appropriate technology to improve biological treatment performance during the transient regeneration period of an SMZ adsorption system. ■ Examine the merits of a load equalization technology to attenuate peak VOC loads prior to a VPB system. ■ Evaluate the capability of an SMZ/VPB to remove BTEX from produced water in a field trial.(2) Investigate the feasibility of MBR treatment of produced water.■ Evaluate the biodegradation of carboxylates and BTEX constituents from synthetic produced water in a laboratory-scale MBR. ■ Evaluate the capability of an SMZ/MBR system to remove carboxylates and BTEX from produced water in a field trial.Laboratory experiments were conducted to provide a better understanding of each component of the SMZ/VPB and SMZ/MBR process. Laboratory VPB studies were designed to address the issue of influent variability and periodic operation (see DE-FC26-02NT15461). These experiments examined multiple influent loading cycles and variable concentration loadings that simulate air sparging as the regeneration option for the SMZ system. Two pilot studies were conducted at a produced water processing facility near Farmington, New Mexico. The first field test evaluated SMZ adsorption, SMZ Final Technical Report DE-FC26-04NT15546iv regeneration, VPB buffering, and VPB performance, and the second test focused on MBR and SMZ/MBR operation. The design of the field studies were based on the results from the previous field tests and laboratory studies.Both of the biological treatment systems were capable of removing the BTEX constituents in the laboratory and ...

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“…Numerous technologies exist either to prevent produced water production through downhole separation (separates oil and water at bottom of a production well before water is brought to the surface, Veil et al 1999) or to remove organic contaminants via photodegradation (Moraes et al 2004) or microorganism induced degradation (Woolard and Irvine 1995;Dalmacija et al 1996). Even if hydrocarbons are removed at the surface, the brine can still negatively affect receiving water communities (Kefford 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Validation of Toxicity Tests to Evaluate the Potential for Beneficial Use of Produced Water

Bidwell¹,

Fisher²,

Cooper³

2013

The Effects of Induced Hydraulic Fracturing on the Environment

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This study investigated potential biological effects of produced water contamination derived from occasional surface overflow and possible subsurface intrusion at an oil production site along the shore of Skiatook Lake, Oklahoma. We monitored basic chemistry and acute toxicity to a suite of standard aquatic test species (fathead minnowPimephales promelas, Daphnia pulex, Daphnia magna, and Ceriodaphnia dubia) in produced water and in samples taken from shallow groundwater wells on the site. Toxicity identification evaluations and ion toxicity modeling were used to identify toxic constituents in the samples. Lake sediment at the oil production site and at a reference site were also analyzed for brine intrusion chemically and by testing sediment toxicity using the benthic invertebrates, Chironomus dilutus, and Hyallela azteca. Sediment quality was also assessed with in situ survival and growth studies with H. azteca and the Asian clam, Corbicula fluminea, and by benthic macroinvertebrate community sampling.The produced water was acutely toxic to the aquatic test organisms at concentrations ranging from 1% to 10% of the whole produced water sample. Toxicity identification evaluation and ion toxicity modeling indicated major ion salts and hydrocarbons were the primary mixture toxicants. The standardized test species used in the laboratory bioassays exhibited differences in sensitivity to these two general classes of contaminants, which underscores the importance of using multiple species when evaluating produced water toxicity. Toxicity of groundwater was greater in samples from wells near a produced water injection well and an evaporation pond. Principle component analyses (PCA) of chemical data derived from the groundwater wells indicated dilution by lake water and possible biogeochemical reactions as factors that ameliorated groundwater toxicity. Elevated concentrations of major ions were found in pore water from lake sediments, but toxicity from these ions was limited to sediment depths of 10 cm or greater, which is outside of the primary zone of biological activity. Further, exposure to site sediments did not have any effects on test organisms, and macroinvertebrate communities did not indicate impairment at the oil production site as compared to a reference site. In situ experiments with H. azteca and C. fluminea, indicated a sublethal site effect (on growth of both species), but these could not be definitively linked with produced water infiltration. Severe weather conditions (drought followed by flooding) negatively influenced the intensity of lake sampling aimed at delineating produced water infiltration.Due to the lack of clear evidence of produced water infiltration into the sub-littoral zone of the lake, it was not possible to assess whether the laboratory bioassays of produced water effectively indicate risk in the receiving system. However, the acutely toxic nature of the produced water and general lack of biological effects in the lake at the oil production site suggest minimal to no produced w...

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Purification of high-salinity wastewater by activated sludge process

Cited by 54 publications

References 3 publications

Effect of Elevated Salt Concentrations on the Aerobic Granular Sludge Process: Linking Microbial Activity with Microbial Community Structure

Effect of Elevated Salt Concentrations on the Aerobic Granular Sludge Process: Linking Microbial Activity with Microbial Community Structure

Long Term Field Development of a Surfactant Modified Zeolite/Vapor Phase Bioreactor System for Treatment of Produced Waters for Power Generation

Field Validation of Toxicity Tests to Evaluate the Potential for Beneficial Use of Produced Water

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