Pterygium inversum unguis. Report of 19 cases and review of the literature

Refractory palmo‐plantar discoid lupus erythematosus successfully treated with mycophenolate mofetil: Unusual localization and literature review

“…Only a few acquired forms have been described as idiopathic or secondary to connective tissue diseases, such as, LES. Women are more frequently affected than men 6 and the fingernails are typically affected.…”

“…Pterygium inversum unguis is a rare abnormality of the ventral part of the nail plate, resulting in subungual extension of the distal groove 6,7 . Pterygium inversum unguis may be primary or acquired.…”

Pterygium inversum unguis secondary to gel polish

“…Physical examination showed adherence of the distal nail bed to the ventral surface of the nail plate appearing as an extension and/or overgrowth of the hyponychium. Henceforward, connective tissue diseases (particularly progressive systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus), leprosy, hemiparesis, neurofibromatosis and subungual exostosis, among others, have all been linked to acquired ventral pterygium . Nail fortifiers containing formaldehyde and acrylic nails have also been implicated as causal agents of PIU.…”

HYPONYCHIUM ABNORMALITIES Congenital Aberrant Hyponychium vs. Acquired Pterygium Inversum Unguis vs. Acquired Reversible Extended Hyponychium: a proposed classification based on origin, pathology and outcome

“…Acquired secondary forms have been reported more frequently and mainly associated with connective tissue diseases like progressive systemic sclerosis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 2 Since the first report in 1973, less than 60 cases have been published in English medical literature. Many of these reports give the condition a different name but mostly different hypothesis to the cause that are summarized in Table 1.…”

“…Pterygium Inversum Unguis is a relatively uncommon disease. Acquired secondary forms have been reported more frequently and mainly associated with connective tissue diseases like progressive systemic sclerosis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus . Since the first report in 1973, less than 60 cases have been published in English medical literature.…”