Pterosaur phylogeny and comments on the evolutionary history of the group

Abstract

A cladistic analysis based on 39 terminal taxa and 74 characters (several multistate) using PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) (3.1.1 for MacIntosh and 4.0b10 for Microsoft Windows) presents a new hypothesis of pterosaur inter-relationships. This study suggests that the most primitive taxon is the Anurognathidae, followed by Sordes and all remaining pterosaurs. Dendrorhynchoides is confirmed as a member of the Anurognathidae, being closely related to Batrachognathus. Preondactylus occupies a more derived position than Sordes, which questions its previous assignment as the most primitive pterosaur. The hypothesis of rhamphorhynchoid paraphyly is confirmed, with the Rhamphorhynchidae more closely related to the Pterodactyloidea than to more basal forms. The Pterodactyloidea shows a basal dichotomy: the Archaeopterodactyloidea and the Dsungaripteroidea. The Archaeopterodactyloidea is formed by Pterodactylus + Germanodactylus and a clade formed by Gallodactylidae + Ctenochasmatidae. The Nyctosauridae occupies the basal position within dsungaripteroids and is followed by the Pteranodontoidea and the Tapejaroidea. Pteranodontoids have Pteranodon at the base, followed stepwise by Istiodactylus, Ornithocheirus and the Anhangueridae. Tapejaroids are composed of the Dsungaripteridae at the base followed by the Tapejaridae and the Azhdarchidae.Major trends within pterosaur evolutionary history are: general increase in size (wing span and body); increase of wing metacarpal and pteroid; decrease of proportional length of the second and third wing phalanx relative to the first; gradual increase of rostrum (anterior to external nares); and anterior shift of the skull-mandible articulation. Cranial crests are present in most pterodactyloids, but markedly in the Ornithocheiroidea, where all taxa show some sort of crest on the skull. The loss of teeth, previously assumed to have occurred independently in several lineages, seems to be a general trend among dsungaripteroids.Several nodes recovered by this analysis are supported by very few characters, a result at least partially attributable to the limited available information from several taxa due to poor preservation and/or preparation.

New long-tailed pterosaurs (Wukongopteridae) from western Liaoning, China

“…As observed in Kunpengopterus, the wing metacarpal (metacarpal IV) is more elongated relative to the first wing finger phalanx (ph1d4/mcIV: left side 1.88, right side 2.05) and humerus (hu/mcIV: left side 1.69, right side 1.80) than in other non-pterodactyloids, but shorter compared to pterodactyloids (e.g., Kellner 2003). Metacarpals I-III are thin, subequal in length and articulate with the distal carpal series.…”

“…The orbit is large and has the lower margin more rounded compared with Darwinopterus modularis. The naris and antorbital fenestra are confluent and form a nasoantorbital fenestra, a rather derived trait within pterosaurs (e.g., Kellner 2003, Unwin 2003. No information about the temporal openings can be retrieved from this specimen.…”

Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull

“…This value is substantially greater than for any basal pterosaur and is high even for pterodactyloids (figure 3a). The skull construction is typically pterodactyloid, long and low, the rostrum anterior to the orbit forming more than 80 per cent of total skull length (a derived condition restricted to certain pterodactyloids), with a confluent nasoantorbital fenestra, inclined quadrate and a short mandibular symphysis forming less than 20 per cent of total mandible length (Wellnhofer 1978(Wellnhofer , 1991Kellner 2003;Unwin 2003a;Andres & Ji 2008). The dentition (figure 2b,c) corresponds closely to that which might be expected for a basal pterodactyloid and seems well suited for a gripping function.…”

A pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Lapurr sandstone, West Turkana, Kenya

“…2F). The centrum lacks a lateral pneumatic foramen typical of most non-azhdarchid pterodactyloids (Kellner 2003, Averianov 2007; also, see Andres and Ji 2008). There is no evidence of a postexapophysis, indicating that it was either not preserved or that this vertebra is from a more caudal position such that its absence would be expected.…”