Psychometric Properties of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice on Pharmacogenovigilance in Drug Safety Questionnaire in Medicine and Pharmacy Students: based on Exploratory Factor Analysis

Abstract

Integration of Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacovigilance in the curricula of future healthcare professionals is essential towards individualized medicine and drug safety. Researchers are lacking in Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding pharmacogenovigilance in drug safety among Malaysian future health professionals. This study is to develop and validate a reliable questionnaire for evaluation of knowledge, attitude and practice o f future Doctors and Pharmacists concerning Pharmacogenovigilance in drug safety. A 49-item self-administered questionnaire was developed from the literature. The content was validated by a panel of relevant experts followed by face validity. A pilot study on 100 respondents was conducted for reliability, followed by a crosssectional study involving 247 participants in factor analysis. The content validity index of the whole questionnaire was 0.8%. The overall Cronbach"s Alpha was 0.8, with P<0.001. 67.4% of the total variance was explained by 13 factors, and we can conclude that the questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument. Key words:Pharmacogenovigilance, Questionnaire, Factor analysis, KAP. INTRODUCTIONPharmacogenomics is the study of variability in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in relation to genetic variations. If genetic factors are taken into account appropriately prior to drug treatment, the regimen can be personalized to the individual patient need, hence promote drug safety. Clinicians are increasingly anticipated to incorporate pharmacogenomics into practices, but this expectation has been below projected. Therefore, it is important that future physicians and pharmacists are exposed to these important areas. A measuring tool like questionnaire could assist medical educators and health care providers in evaluating the teaching programs for future Doctors and Pharmacists and necessity of retraining. Previous studies revealed an urgent requirement for greater emphasis on practice * Corresponding Author Prof (Dr.) Mainul Haque, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Kota, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Email: runurono@gmail.com and knowledge of pharmacogenomics and pharmacovigilance among healthcare professionals (Adamu et al., 2015a;Adamu et al., 2015b). Presently, a standardized questionnaire of knowledge, attitude, and practice of Medicine and Pharmacy students concerning pharmacogenovigilance for drug safety is unavailable. Questionnaires that reported either pharmacovigilance or pharmacogenomics of Medicine and Pharmacy students are also infrequently seen and used on students (Elkalmi et al., 2011; Filiptsova et al., 2014). This research would focus on medicine and pharmacy students to identify their strength and weaknesses for the possibility of providing educational and concrete recommendations. This aimed at developing and reporting the psychometric properties of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) on Pharmacogenovigilance in Drug Safety Questionnaire in final-year Medicine and Pharmacy Students: ba...

Development and validation of a questionnaire assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practices of young adults in Malaysia towards sugar sweetened beverages

“…While developing the content, we considered the relevancy and suitability of this questionnaire for young adults in Malaysia. Similar to previous studies (Yau et al, 2015a;Chen et al, 2013), the (Revilla et al, 2014). In addition, this type of scale has been reported to be less time consuming as it limits the confusion that usually happens when answering Likertscale questionnaires.…”

“…For face validation, a total of 15 to 20 subjects were required for this test (Yau et al, 2015b). The subjects had to evaluate the revised questionnaire following content validation.…”

Pharmacogenomics: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among Future Doctors and Pharmacists - A Pilot Study

“…Previous researches have demonstrated knowledge gap, good attitude and low practice towards PG among current Doctors and Pharmacists (Yau et al, 2015;Bakhouche and Slanař, 2012;Benzeroual et al, 2012;Bernhardt et al, 2012;Bonter et al, 2011;Stanek et al, 2012;Johansen Taber and Press, 2014;Yau et al, 2015b); Moreover, study conducted in Ukraine among Pharmacy students revealed similar results (Filiptsova et al, 2015). However, study carried out in Malaysia, have discovered that current healthcare practitioners have good knowledge, attitude and consider PG to be a relevant field of clinical practice, but with low adoption (Bannur et al, 2014), and other studies have demonstrated healthcare students agree that PG is critical to patient care (Drozda et al, 2013;Gurwitz et al, 2005;McCullough et al, 2011;Moen and Lamba, 2013).…”

“…The questionnaire and the informed consent were distributed to the participants via face to face at their respective schools. The questionnaire development, validation and psychometric analysis were explained and published in another article (Yau et al, 2015c).The study was conducted at one of the four randomly selected Malaysia universities. This article reported only the PG part of the pilot the study.…”

“…component of routine medical practice. Several studies reported the knowledge and practice gap, lack of formal training and awareness toward PG among current Physicians and pharmacists (Yau et al, 2015a;Bannur et al, 2014;Stanek et al, 2012;Johansen Taber and Press, 2014;Yau et al, 2015b). In all cases, less attention has been paid to future Doctors and Pharmacists despite their reported knowledge gap on PG (Filiptsova et al, 2015;Moen and Lamba, 2013).…”