Psychology and Culture During Long-Duration Space Missions

Kanas, Nick; Sandal, Gro Mjeldheim; Boyd, Jennifer E.; Gushin, Vadim; Manzey, Dietrich; North, Regina; Leon, Gloria R.; Suedfeld, Peter; Bishop, Sheryl L.; Fiedler, Edna R.; Inoue, Natsuhiko; Johannes, Bernd; Kealey, Daniel J.; Kraft, Norbert; Matsuzaki, Ichiyo; Musson, David; Palinkas, Lawrence A.; Salnitskiy, Vyacheslav; Sipes, Walter; Stuster, Jack; Wang, Jun

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30583-2_9

Cited by 35 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…2) indicate that these problems occurred early in the mission and persisted unabated. Such individual differences in disturbances of sleep-wake regulation are similar to those identified in winter-over polar expeditions (15,26), which are often considered analogs for the study of behavioral reactions to the prolonged isolation of spaceflight (27)(28)(29)(30). The fact that sleep-wake disruptions occur during confinement and isolation in some individuals more than others is consistent with increasing evidence that there are phenotypic and genotypic differences in vulnerability to both alterations of sleep and the resulting neurobehavioral consequences (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Mars 520-d mission simulation reveals protracted crew hypokinesis and alterations of sleep duration and timing

Basner

Dinges

Mollicone

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

152

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The success of interplanetary human spaceflight will depend on many factors, including the behavioral activity levels, sleep, and circadian timing of crews exposed to prolonged microgravity and confinement. To address the effects of the latter, we used a highfidelity ground simulation of a Mars mission to objectively track sleep-wake dynamics in a multinational crew of six during 520 d of confined isolation. Measurements included continuous recordings of wrist actigraphy and light exposure (4.396 million min) and weekly computer-based neurobehavioral assessments (n = 888) to identify changes in the crew's activity levels, sleep quantity and quality, sleep-wake periodicity, vigilance performance, and workload throughout the record-long 17 mo of mission confinement. Actigraphy revealed that crew sedentariness increased across the mission as evident in decreased waking movement (i.e., hypokinesis) and increased sleep and rest times. Light exposure decreased during the mission. The majority of crewmembers also experienced one or more disturbances of sleep quality, vigilance deficits, or altered sleep-wake periodicity and timing, suggesting inadequate circadian entrainment. The results point to the need to identify markers of differential vulnerability to hypokinesis and sleepwake changes during the prolonged isolation of exploration spaceflight and the need to ensure maintenance of circadian entrainment, sleep quantity and quality, and optimal activity levels during exploration missions. Therefore, successful adaptation to such missions will require crew to transit in spacecraft and live in surface habitats that instantiate aspects of Earth's geophysical signals (appropriately timed light exposure, food intake, exercise) required for temporal organization and maintenance of human behavior.sleep-wake regulation | astronaut T he success of human interplanetary spaceflight, which is anticipated to be in this century, will depend on the ability of spacefarers to remain confined and isolated from Earth much longer than previous missions or simulations, while maintaining the intensity and timing of behavioral activity necessary to accomplish the mission and mitigate the effects of microgravity. A total of four people have spent >1 y in space, with the record of 437 consecutive days on the Mir space station set by Valery Polyakov. The longest Earth-based spaceflight simulation involved four Russians confined in connected hyperbaric chambers for 240 consecutive days. Antarctic winter-over missions have extended up to 363 d. Prediction of how prolonged confinement affects activity levels and sleep-wake dynamics of space explorers is needed to inform spacecraft habitability requirements, crew selection, and behavioral countermeasures during interplanetary missions (1-3). To address this need, we obtained objective neurobehavioral data on the activity patterns of a multinational, culturally diverse crew of six males with backgrounds in engineering, medicine, physiology, and space training, who participated in a high-fidelity g...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Mars 520-d mission simulation reveals protracted crew hypokinesis and alterations of sleep duration and timing

Basner

Dinges

Mollicone

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

152

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“…Particularly, Wang Y, et al [20], had conducted a questionnaire-based investigation of emotional responses and psychological adaptation over 520 days' isolation, and results had demonstrated an obvious bias on valence rating for unpleasant stimuli with time (p<0.05), thus may explain the elevation of serotonin at period two. Furthermore, the presence of increased psychosocial issues caused by long-term isolation had been proved by many researches [21][22][23][24][25][26]. Thus these results suggested that physiological problems are very serious in an isolated environment.…”

Section: Metabolic Responses To 520 Days' Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Metabolic Profiling of ‘MARS-500 Project’ with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Chen¹,

Yu²,

Dong³

2015

Metabolomics

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# These authors contributed equally to this work. metabolic profiles through analyzing complex biofluids (e.g., urine and plasm) can provide important diagnostic and prognostic information [8]. Among the biofluids most commonly analyzed in metabolomic studies, urine appears to be particularly useful, because it is abundant, readily available, easily stored and can be collected by simple, noninvasive techniques [9]. Although, persistent alterations induced by dietary or chronic interventions may also be detected from plasma, but it just provides a description of the metabolic system at the time of sampling, and yet some biochemical or pathological changes may not be specific to external stimuli or genetic modification. By contrast, information from urine is time-averaged because of its collection and storage in the bladder [8]. Therefore, urine was selected to conduct metabolic mapping in many publications [10][11][12]. Among analytical techniques used in metabonomics, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [13] and mass spectroscopy (MS) [14] possessed the dominant status. As known, NMR has the advantage of being rapid, high reproducibility, nondestructive to samples, applicable to intact biomaterials and rich in chemical structural information. In addition, unlike GC-MS and certain liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods,

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“…As a consequence, unless it is necessary to change a system and restart the tests, there will be no cargo to resupply the space habitats. It would also be a good opportunity to test human factors [11]. Several crews may eventually rotate to test different crew configurations, different characters, different relationships with ground control, and also different counter-measures to limit the exposition to radiations.…”

Section: Heo Missionmentioning

confidence: 99%