Protracted Social Conflict; Theory and Practice in the Middle East

Azar, Edward E.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McLaurin, R. D.

doi:10.2307/2536101

Cited by 78 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…These two characteristics of international crisis, which have particular theoretical importance, did not appear in the earlier research on one-sided crises. Protracted Conflicts (PCs) are "conflict situations of extended duration, fluctuating interaction, spillover of hostility into all aspects of relations, strong forces tending to restore equilibrium and indefinite continuation" (ICB System Level Codebook, 2004, p. 53; see also Azar, Jureidini, and McLaurin, 1978;and Colaresi and Thompson, 2002, p. 264). Since the end of World War I, there have been 31 PCs that encompass 245 international crises, or 60 percent of those from 1918 to 1994 in the ICB dataset (Brecher and Wilkenfeld, 2000, p. 156).…”

Section: Crisis Type Violence and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others, such as India versus Pakistan or Greece versus Turkey, remain in progress. Hence, it makes more sense to think of them as processes rather than single events (Azar, Jureidini, and McLaurin, 1978;Brecher 1984;Colaresi and Thompson, 2002).…”

Section: Crisis Type Violence and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A prolonged history of conflict and violence between the same adversaries creates mistrust and expectation of violent behavior. Reciprocal images of deception are generated or reinforced within the PC context and thus the likelihood of misunderstanding between the parties increases (Azar, Jureidini, and McLaurin, 1978). Since the values perceived to be threatened are about fundamental issues, protracted conflicts usually do not allow any change in the fundamental grievances of parties and this constantly reduces the likelihood of peaceful resolution.…”

Section: Crisis Type Violence and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-Sided Crises in World Politics: A Study of Oxymoron, Violence and Outcomes

Akbaba

James

Taydaş

2006

International Interactions

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This paper focuses on crises and seeks to extend understanding of escalation processes, outcomes, and legacy. We go beyond Hewitt and Wilkenfeld's (1999) initial study of one-sided crises, which emphasized crisis type as an explanation for violence levels, in three ways: We (1) pursue an explanation for why some crises remain one-sided; (2) include two additional crisis attributes, protractedness of conflict and ethnicity, which are expected to impact upon the role of violence; and (3) link outcomes and subsequent tension levels for adversaries with crisis type (i.e., one-sided versus others) to expand the potential explanatory range of one-sidedness. To achieve these goals, the paper unfolds in four parts. First, the study is placed in the context of ongoing research on crises in world politics, most notably as carried out by the International Crisis Behavior (ICB) Project. The second part presents a theoretical overview of the factors that might distinguish crisis type, along with those deemed important in determining violence, outcomes, and subsequent tension. Explicit hypotheses are derived as well. The third part conveys data, variables, data analysis for crisis type (Stage 1) and violence, outcomes, and subsequent tension levels (Stage 2), and a comparison of results for the two stages. TheWe are grateful to J. Joseph Hewitt for a valuable commentary and data. Authors names appear in alphabetical order for this collaborative work.

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Section: Crisis Type Violence and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crisis Type Violence and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Crisis Type Violence and Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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One-Sided Crises in World Politics: A Study of Oxymoron, Violence and Outcomes

Akbaba

James

Taydaş

2006

International Interactions

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“…Israeli Jewish society evolved a conflictive ethos as a result of experiencing intractable conflict, which is characterized as being protracted, violent, apparently irreconcilable, of a zero-sum nature, total, central, and with the involved parties having an interest in its continuation (Azar, Jureidini, & McLaurin, 1978;Bar-Tal, 1998b;Goertz & Diehl, 1993;Kriesberg, 1993). This conflict developed over contested territory that two national movements claimed as their homeland.…”

Section: The Israeli Conflictive Ethos During Intractable Conflictmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethos and identity: Expressions and changes in the Israeli Jewish society

Oren

Bar‐Tal

2006

Estudios de Psicología

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A fundamental condition for the evolvement of any society is the development of social identity, which confers a sense of belonging and identification. The meaning of social identity is influenced by the ethos that members of a society share. The ethos consists of shared, central societal beliefs that give the society a dominant orientation and characterize it. The societal beliefs that underlie the ethos can change as a result of new, prolonged experiences of the society. Israeli society presents an example of such a process.During the years of intractable conflict, Israeli society developed societal beliefs of a conflictive ethos that were conducive to successful coping with the conflictive situation. The ethos included beliefs about the justness of the Jews' goals, about security, and about delegitimising the Arabs, together with motifs of positive self-image, patriotism, unity, and peace. These beliefs characterised Israeli Jewish society and contributed meaning to the Israeli social identity. As the peace process developed, the societal beliefs of the conflictive ethos began to change, at least among part of the society members. But as the violent conflict re-erupted in fall 2000, the ethos of conflict is strengthening its standing in the society. The present paper describes the changes in the conflictive ethos with regard to each of the societal beliefs and discusses the implications of these changes for the meaning of the Israeli Jewish identity. Finally, general conclusions regarding the presented conception of social identity are outlined. Ethos e identidad: expresiones y cambio en la sociedad judía israelí* ResumenUna condición fundamental para la evolución de una sociedad es el desarrollo de una identidad social que confiera un sentido de pertenencia compartido. El significado atribuido a la identidad social está influido por el ethos que comparten los miembros de una sociedad. El ethos consta de por una serie de creencias sociales que imprimen una orientación colectiva en una sociedad y que la caracterizan. Tales creencias pueden experimentar cambios como resultado de experiencias sociales prolongadas. Israel muestra un ejemplo de tales procesos de cambio.Durante años de conflicto intratable la sociedad israelí desarrolló las creencias sociales que componen un ethos conflictivo, el cual permitió afrontar con éxito una situación de conflicto. Ese ethos incluía creencias sobre la justicia de los objetivos judíos, sobre la seguridad y creencias que deslegitimaban a los árabes junto con motivaciones asociadas a una autoimagen positiva, un sentimiento patriótico y de unidad y el deseo de paz. Todas esas creencias caracterizaron a la sociedad judía de Israel y dotaron de significado a la identidad social israelí. Con motivo del desarrollo del proceso de paz las creencias asociadas a ese ethos conflictivo comenzaron a cambiar, al menos para una parte de la sociedad de Israel. Sin embargo, con la re-erupción de un conflicto violento en el invierno del año 2000 el ethos conflicto se vio nuevamente reforzado. E...

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“…Azar and his associates (Azar and Cohen, 1979;Azar, Jureidini, and McLaurin, 1978) have observed that certain areas are characterized by "protracted conflict" 336 P. A. SCHRODT -relatively consistent levels of conflict with other nations or within regions maintained over long periods of time. On the other hand, there are other areas in the world such as North America, Western Europe and Latin America where international conflict is virtually nonexistant and a great deal of cooperation occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mathematical model of the persistence of conflict

Schrodt

1981

International Interactions

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A differential equation model is proposed to explain how a persistent level of conflict might be maintained by a nation. The basic driving force in the model is the assumption that there are two interacting forces within the nation. One group benefits from high levels of conflict and as the level of conflict drops attempts to drive it upwards again. The other group benefits from the absence of conflict and as the level of conflict becomes high attempts to drive it down. These assumptions lead to a model which has the following characteristics: 1. If the initial level of conflict is positive the stable level is positive and intermediate between the desired positions of the nationalists and internationalists. 2. If the initial value is negative the behavior is unstable and infinite negative conflict results.

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Protracted Social Conflict; Theory and Practice in the Middle East

Cited by 78 publications

References 3 publications

One-Sided Crises in World Politics: A Study of Oxymoron, Violence and Outcomes

One-Sided Crises in World Politics: A Study of Oxymoron, Violence and Outcomes

Ethos and identity: Expressions and changes in the Israeli Jewish society

A mathematical model of the persistence of conflict

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