Protection from Sun Exposure in US White Children Ages 6 Months to 11 Years

Hall, H. Irene

doi:10.1093/phr/116.4.353

Cited by 23 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…19 Fair skin type, younger age of the child, and parent being married were associated with higher reported use of sun-protection measures for children. 19 The majority of sunscreen users applied an SPF of 15 or more, but did not apply sunscreen 30 minutes before going outside to give it time to be absorbed by the skin and become effective. Among children who wore hats, the majority wore baseball caps, which do not protect the entire face, ears, and neck from sun exposure.…”

Section: Indoor Tanning By Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…A third survey conducted by the CDC in 1998 provided the most recent interviews with parents/ caregivers on the steps taken to protect their children from the sun. 18,19 In 2005 and 2008, the NHIS included questions on indoor tanning by adolescents aged 14 to 17 years using a knowledgeable adult proxy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For children aged 12 years or younger, parents and caregivers reported the use of one or more measures of sun protection for three quarters of the children. 18,19 Sunscreen (61.8%) and shade (26.5%) were reported most frequently. 19 Fair skin type, younger age of the child, and parent being married were associated with higher reported use of sun-protection measures for children.…”

Section: Indoor Tanning By Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,19 Sunscreen (61.8%) and shade (26.5%) were reported most frequently. 19 Fair skin type, younger age of the child, and parent being married were associated with higher reported use of sun-protection measures for children. 19 The majority of sunscreen users applied an SPF of 15 or more, but did not apply sunscreen 30 minutes before going outside to give it time to be absorbed by the skin and become effective.…”

Section: Indoor Tanning By Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: Review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states

Buller

Cokkinides

Hall

et al. 2011

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

260

207

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Section: Indoor Tanning By Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Indoor Tanning By Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Indoor Tanning By Adolescentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: Review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states

Buller

Cokkinides

Hall

et al. 2011

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

260

207

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…They also found that approximately 43% of white children experienced 1 or more sunburns in the past year. 12,13 Sunscreen is the most frequent method of sun protection used across all age groups in Australia and internationally. 14 The other forms of recommended sun protection (hats andclothes)weremorelikelytooccuramongtheveryyoung, older adults, and men.…”

Section: Previous Surveys Of Sun Protection Behaviors and Sun Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Measures of Sun Exposure and Sun Protection Practices for Behavioral and Epidemiologic Research

et al. 2008

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To develop, in a collaborative project, core measures of sun exposure and sun protection habits, since the lack of standard outcome measures hampers comparison of population surveys and interventions used in skin cancer prevention research.Design: A work group of investigators evaluated available questionnaire measures of sun exposure and protection. Their deliberations led to a proposed set of core questionnaire items for adults, adolescents aged 11 to 17 years, and children 10 years or younger. These core items were used in cognitive testing by the investigators. Crosssite summaries of methods, response samples, and descriptive data were prepared.

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Interventional study in 1,232 young German children to prevent the development of melanocytic nevi failed to change sun exposure and sun protective behavior

et al. 2005

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Sunscreens have been proposed as protective measures to inhibit the development of melanocytic nevi in childhood and to decrease the long term risk for cutaneous melanoma development. Our present study investigates the influence of sunscreen use and education on the number of incident melanocytic nevi. A total of 1,812 children in 78 public nursery schools in 2 German cities were randomized to 3 study arms: (i) parents were informed on study purpose and sun protection measures only at an initial educational meeting; (ii) parents received educational material 3 times yearly; and (iii) education and 800 ml free broad spectrum sunscreens with sun protection factor 25 provided on a yearly basis. Final assessment after 3 years follow-up included 1,232 children (68%). Changes of sun protection habits including sunscreen use were sparse, without any differences attributable to the intervention efforts. As a consequence, there were no significant differences between the 3 study arms for the main outcome measure, the number of incident melanocytic nevi. Analysis of the sunscreen use in the entire cohort irrespective of our study arms did not show any impact on incident nevus numbers in bivariate or multivariate analysis. In conclusion, intervention with educational letters and free sunscreens seemingly had no additional effect on sun-protection for German children. High prevalence of sunscreen use at study commencement, social desirability, and inadequate application of sunscreens might have partially covered their effect. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: melanocytic nevi; prevention and control; child; sunscreens; intervention studies Exposure to ultraviolet light in childhood as well as in adulthood is the central environmental risk factor for cutaneous melanoma (CM).1-4 The use of sunscreen is intended to avoid sunburn as well as to reduce the risk of CM. Numerous case-control studies focusing on the effect of sunscreen use and the risk of CM reported contradicting results reaching from a reduced risk, 5-8 an unchanged risk, 9 to an increased risk in persons using sunscreen.10-17 Most of these case-control studies were hospitalbased, might not have been controlled comprehensively for exposure to sunlight and skin type and were most likely influenced by recall bias, as they involved melanoma patients. Meta-analyses of studies published recently on the relationship of sunscreen use and the risk of CM could not find any association. 18-21The number of melanocytic nevi (MN) is known to be the strongest risk factor for CM. Nevi are precursor lesions of a substantial proportion of 20-60% of CM. 22 Humans develop MN from an early age onward and numerous studies have investigated the development of MN in children. 1,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Studying sunscreen use in children and its relationship to MN should be less influenced by recall bias. Thus far, however, investigations of sun protective behavior in children have not shown conclusive evidence for either a protective or harmful effect of sunscreen. [31][32][33][...

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Protection from Sun Exposure in US White Children Ages 6 Months to 11 Years

Abstract: Parents report that a large proportion of white children is protected from sun exposure by one or more methods. Health care providers and educators might encourage the use of all methods of protection, not just sunscreen use, and educate older children to protect themselves from the sun.

Cited by 23 publications

References 23 publications

Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: Review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states

Prevalence of sunburn, sun protection, and indoor tanning behaviors among Americans: Review from national surveys and case studies of 3 states

Measures of Sun Exposure and Sun Protection Practices for Behavioral and Epidemiologic Research

Interventional study in 1,232 young German children to prevent the development of melanocytic nevi failed to change sun exposure and sun protective behavior

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