Protection and Restitution of Gut Barrier by Probiotics: Nutritional and Clinical Implications

Rao, R.K.; Samak, Geetha

doi:10.2174/1573401311309020004

Cited by 200 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…We have also tested the inhibition of BoNT/A binding using different commercial probiotic supplements, most showed inhibitory effects (data not shown). These results suggest that, consistent with other probiotic studies, the beneficial effects of probiotics are strain- and species-dependent [47,48]. The probiotic E. coli strain Nissle 1917 was however not available in the U.S. for use in comparison testing at the time of study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Probiotic Microorganisms Inhibit Epithelial Cell Internalization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A

Lam

Tam

Stanker

et al. 2016

Toxins

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Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are some of the most poisonous natural toxins known to man and are threats to public health and safety. Previous work from our laboratory showed that both BoNT serotype A complex and holotoxin can bind and transit through the intestinal epithelia to disseminate in the blood. The timing of BoNT/A toxin internalization was shown to be comparable in both the Caco-2 in vitro cell culture and in the oral mouse intoxication models. Probiotic microorganisms have been extensively studied for their beneficial effects in not only maintaining the normal gut mucosa but also protection from allergens, pathogens, and toxins. In this study, we evaluate whether probiotic microorganisms will block BoNT/A uptake in the in vitro cell culture system using Caco-2 cells. Several probiotics tested (Saccharomyces boulardii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LGG, and Lactobacillus reuteri) blocked BoNT/A uptake in a dose-dependent manner whereas a non-probiotic strain of Escherichia coli did not. We also showed that inhibition of BoNT/A uptake was not due to the degradation of BoNT/A nor by sequestration of toxin via binding to probiotics. These results show for the first time that probiotic treatment can inhibit BoNT/A binding and internalization in vitro and may lead to the development of new therapies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Probiotic Microorganisms Inhibit Epithelial Cell Internalization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A

Lam

Tam

Stanker

et al. 2016

Toxins

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show abstract

“…The mechanisms by which probiotics can influence the barrier function are also an area of interest, although many studies have shown that probiotics increase the barrier function by increasing mucus, antimicrobial peptides, and secretory IgA production, as well as increasing competitive adherence for pathogens, and the tight junctions (TJ) integrity of epithelial cells [55,56,57]. It is known that certain lactobacilli adhere to mucosal surfaces, inhibiting the attachment of pathogenic bacteria and enhancing the secretion of mucin.…”

Section: The Intestinal Microbiota Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiota and Probiotics in Health and HIV Infection

2017

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Microbiota play a key role in various body functions, as well as in physiological, metabolic, and immunological processes, through different mechanisms such as the regulation of the development and/or functions of different types of immune cells in the intestines. Evidence indicates that alteration in the gut microbiota can influence infectious and non-infectious diseases. Bacteria that reside on the mucosal surface or within the mucus layer interact with the host immune system, thus, a healthy gut microbiota is essential for the development of mucosal immunity. In patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including those who control their disease with antiretroviral drugs (ART), the gut microbiome is very different than the microbiome of those not infected with HIV. Recent data suggests that, for these patients, dysbiosis may lead to a breakdown in the gut’s immunologic activity, causing systemic bacteria diffusion and inflammation. Since in HIV-infected patients in this state, including those in ART therapy, the treatment of gastrointestinal tract disorders is frustrating, many studies are in progress to investigate the ability of probiotics to modulate epithelial barrier functions, microbiota composition, and microbial translocation. This mini-review analyzed the use of probiotics to prevent and attenuate several gastrointestinal manifestations and to improve gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) immunity in HIV infection.

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“…Firstly, certain probiotics can clearly exclude or inhibit pathogens, either through direct action or through influence on the commensal microbiota [2,4]. A second mechanism is the capacity of certain probiotic strains to enhance the epithelial barrier function by modulating signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-kB), Akt and mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathways, which lead to for example the induction of mucus [5], or increased tight junction functioning [6]. Thirdly, most probiotic strains can also modulate host immune responses, exerting strain-specific local and systemic effects [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a better understanding of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG - host interactions

2014

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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is one of the most widely used probiotic strains. Various health effects are well documented including the prevention and treatment of gastro-intestinal infections and diarrhea, and stimulation of immune responses that promote vaccination or even prevent certain allergic symptoms. However, not all intervention studies could show a clinical benefit and even for the same conditions, the results are not univocal. Clearly, the host phenotype governed by age, genetics and environmental factors such as the endogenous microbiota, plays a role in whether individuals are responders or non-responders. However, we believe that a detailed knowledge of the bacterial physiology and the LGG molecules that play a key role in its host-interaction capacity is crucial for a better understanding of its potential health benefits. Molecules that were yet identified as important factors governing host interactions include its adhesive pili or fimbriae, its lipoteichoic acid molecules, its major secreted proteins and its galactose-rich exopolysaccharides, as well as specific DNA motifs. Nevertheless, future studies are needed to correlate specific health effects to these molecular effectors in LGG, and also in other probiotic strains.

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Protection and Restitution of Gut Barrier by Probiotics: Nutritional and Clinical Implications

Cited by 200 publications

References 120 publications

Probiotic Microorganisms Inhibit Epithelial Cell Internalization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A

Probiotic Microorganisms Inhibit Epithelial Cell Internalization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Serotype A

Microbiota and Probiotics in Health and HIV Infection

Towards a better understanding of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG - host interactions

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