Prostitutes and chimney sweeps both have problems: Towards full integration of both sexes in the study of occupational health

Occupational epidemiology and work related inequalities in health: a gender perspective for two complementary approaches to work and health research

“…There are many examples that illustrate this statement 6 7. For example, in many cases safety standards are based exclusively on male samples and results extrapolated to women, with no conclusive evidence of their suitability for females 8. Regarding hygiene hazards, it is well known that there are sex differences in bone, fat and immune system metabolism, as well as cardiovascular and endocrine function, but little is known about the implications of these differences for the effects of toxic exposures 9.…”

Occupational epidemiology and work related inequalities in health: a gender perspective for two complementary approaches to work and health research

“…There are many examples that illustrate this statement 6 7. For example, in many cases safety standards are based exclusively on male samples and results extrapolated to women, with no conclusive evidence of their suitability for females 8. Regarding hygiene hazards, it is well known that there are sex differences in bone, fat and immune system metabolism, as well as cardiovascular and endocrine function, but little is known about the implications of these differences for the effects of toxic exposures 9.…”

The effects of paid and unpaid work on nurses' well‐being: the importance of gender

“…On the one hand, it has been observed that the health of women who are employed in the labour force, esjjecially those working part time is better than the health of women who are homemakers (LaCroix and Haynes 1987, Repetti et al 1989, Verbrugge 1987. At the same time, another body of literature has drawn attention to hazards in the workplace and to the perils of the double day of work that employed women face (Lowe 1989, Messing 1991, Tiemey et al 1990, Waldron 1991, Walters 1993, Walters et al 1995a. Such different observations have prompted more recent studies which focus on the details of women's work and home responsibilities, considering how women's health is both promoted and threatened by work outside the home (Arber et al 1985, Bamett et al 1991, Bartley et al 1992, Hall 1992, Hunt and Annandale 1993.…”

“…Research on the links between work and health has typically focused on the work of men (Messing et al 1993. Nevertheless, this does provide a starting point for inquiry into the work of women in the labour force, despite the limits of phrasing research questions largely in terms of questions about whether observed relationships in male samples also apply to women.…”

Occupational epidemiology and work related inequalities in health: a gender perspective for two complementary approaches to work and health research

“…There are many examples that illustrate this statement 6 7. For example, in many cases safety standards are based exclusively on male samples and results extrapolated to women, with no conclusive evidence of their suitability for females 8. Regarding hygiene hazards, it is well known that there are sex differences in bone, fat and immune system metabolism, as well as cardiovascular and endocrine function, but little is known about the implications of these differences for the effects of toxic exposures 9.…”

The effects of paid and unpaid work on nurses' well‐being: the importance of gender

“…On the one hand, it has been observed that the health of women who are employed in the labour force, esjjecially those working part time is better than the health of women who are homemakers (LaCroix and Haynes 1987, Repetti et al 1989, Verbrugge 1987. At the same time, another body of literature has drawn attention to hazards in the workplace and to the perils of the double day of work that employed women face (Lowe 1989, Messing 1991, Tiemey et al 1990, Waldron 1991, Walters 1993, Walters et al 1995a. Such different observations have prompted more recent studies which focus on the details of women's work and home responsibilities, considering how women's health is both promoted and threatened by work outside the home (Arber et al 1985, Bamett et al 1991, Bartley et al 1992, Hall 1992, Hunt and Annandale 1993.…”

“…Research on the links between work and health has typically focused on the work of men (Messing et al 1993. Nevertheless, this does provide a starting point for inquiry into the work of women in the labour force, despite the limits of phrasing research questions largely in terms of questions about whether observed relationships in male samples also apply to women.…”

Occupational epidemiology and work related inequalities in health: a gender perspective for two complementary approaches to work and health research

“…There are many examples that illustrate this statement 6 7. For example, in many cases safety standards are based exclusively on male samples and results extrapolated to women, with no conclusive evidence of their suitability for females 8. Regarding hygiene hazards, it is well known that there are sex differences in bone, fat and immune system metabolism, as well as cardiovascular and endocrine function, but little is known about the implications of these differences for the effects of toxic exposures 9.…”

The effects of paid and unpaid work on nurses' well‐being: the importance of gender

“…On the one hand, it has been observed that the health of women who are employed in the labour force, esjjecially those working part time is better than the health of women who are homemakers (LaCroix and Haynes 1987, Repetti et al 1989, Verbrugge 1987. At the same time, another body of literature has drawn attention to hazards in the workplace and to the perils of the double day of work that employed women face (Lowe 1989, Messing 1991, Tiemey et al 1990, Waldron 1991, Walters 1993, Walters et al 1995a. Such different observations have prompted more recent studies which focus on the details of women's work and home responsibilities, considering how women's health is both promoted and threatened by work outside the home (Arber et al 1985, Bamett et al 1991, Bartley et al 1992, Hall 1992, Hunt and Annandale 1993.…”

“…Research on the links between work and health has typically focused on the work of men (Messing et al 1993. Nevertheless, this does provide a starting point for inquiry into the work of women in the labour force, despite the limits of phrasing research questions largely in terms of questions about whether observed relationships in male samples also apply to women.…”