BACKGROUND
Although volume displacement (VD) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing breast cancer (BC)-related lymphedema, it is inconvenient. We compared bioimpedance (L-Dex) and VD measurements in a prospective cohort of BC patients at risk for lymphedema.
METHODS
Between 2010–2014, 223 BC patients were enrolled. Following exclusions (n=37), 186 received baseline VD and L-Dex; follow-up measurements were performed at 3–6 month intervals for 3 years. At each visit, patients fit into one of three categories: normal (normal VD and L-Dex); abnormal L-Dex (L-Dex>10 or increase in 10 from baseline and normal VD); or lymphedema (relative arm volume difference of >10% by VD +/− abnormal L-Dex). Change in L-Dex was plotted against change in VD; correlation was assessed using Pearson correlation.
RESULTS
At a median follow-up of 18.2mos, 152 patients were normal; 25 had an abnormal L-Dex; and 9 developed lymphedema without a prior L-Dex abnormality. Of 25 abnormal L-Dex patients, 4 progressed to lymphedema for a total of 13 patients with lymphedema. Evaluating all time points, 186 patients had 829 follow-up measurements. Sensitivity and specificity of L-Dex compared to VD were 75% and 93%, respectively. There was no correlation between change in VD and change in L-Dex at 3mos (R=0.31) or 6mos (R=0.21).
CONCLUSIONS
VD and bioimpedance demonstrated poor correlation with inconsistent overlap of measurements considered abnormal. Of patients with an abnormal L-Dex, few progressed to lymphedema; most with lymphedema did not have a prior L-Dex abnormality. Further studies are needed to understand the clinical significance of bioimpedance.