Promptly emitted particles in nuclear collisions

Incomplete fusion studies near Coulomb barrier: a modified sum rule model

“…Many models have been proposed to explain the underlying reaction mechanism of ICF reactions. Breakup fusion model by Udagawa and Tamura [5], pre-equilibrium emission particle model by Bondorf et al [6], multistep direct reaction theory by Zegrebaev et al [7], and sum rule model by Wilczyński et al [1] are some of them. But none of them could satisfactorily explain all the observations associated with the ICF reactions, in particular, at low beam energy [8].…”

On The Hardening of The Spectrum of High-Energy Particles Formed in Heavy-Ion Collisions Considered within The Framework of The Hydrodynamic Approach

“…The first term in (9) leads to expression (6) after integration over time from t = 0, when there is no emission of nucleons, to , when the system reaches the critical density .The last term in (9) can be neglected, since if a Gaussian surface passing through the border of the nucleus is chosen. Expression (8) for the double differential cross section is similar to the formula used in [8]. The contribution to the differential cross section determined by expression (8) is essential in the tails of the energy spectrum, as it is determined by the temperature at the early stages of the evolution of a system of higher temperature.…”

Simple estimates for Fermi jets

“…It is a longstanding speculation [1][2][3][4] that in the early stages of a heavy ion collision nucleons might be emitted promptly due to an elementary addition of their Fermi velocities to the relative velocity of the colliding nuclei. The names "Fermi jets" or "Promptly Emitted Particles" (PEPs) are used to describe this phenomenon.…”

“…(These are the "two-body" PEPs of ref. (2).) Furthermore, the probability for absorbing a nucleon traversing a nucleus is most likely greater in the surface region than in the bulk.…”